Long-term Effect Different Concentrations of Zn (NO3)2 on the Development of Male and Female Gametophytes of Capsicum annuum L. var California Wonder
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.13128/caryologia-174Keywords:
Bell pepper, male gametophyte, female gametophyte, zincAbstract
Pepper is one of the most important crop plants. Recently, the global need for this plant has been widely increased due to its use in the food and pharmaceutical industry. we invested the effects of different concentrations of zinc on the development of male and female gametophytes of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var California Wonder). The plants were cultivated with different concentrations of zinc nitrate (0 (control), 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 and 15 mM) in a greenhouse under experimental conditions. Buds and Flowers are harvested at different stage of development (in 6 sizes) from May to Jun. They were fixed in FAA and maintained in 70% alcohol, then embedded in paraffin, sliced with a microtome and analyzed using a light microscope. Microscopic studies showed that developmental process of ovule, gynoecium and pollen grain in bell pepper plants was taking to ordinary process in dicotyledonous plants. According to the results, increased zinc concentration resulted in a disorder in the reproductive phase, which caused the treatment 1 to enter the reproductive phase with a 4-week delay. In addition, the other of the treatments did not enter the reproductive phase and were wilt during the growth period. The developmental stages of gynoecium and anther in treatment 1 were similar to the control. However, a number of abnormalities and irregularities wereo bserved including signs of nuclei disintegration, deformation of embryo sac, accumulation of dark materials and deformation of pollen grains.
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References
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Tobe H. 1989. The embryology of angiosperms: its broad application to the systematic and evolutionary study. Bot Mag Tokyo 102: 351–367.
Van Assche F., Clijsters H., 1986, Inhibition of photosynthesis in Phaseolus vulgaris by treatment with toxic concentration of zinc: effect on ribulose – 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, J. Plant Physiol., VOL.125, PP. 355–360.
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Wissemeier, A.H., Horst, W.J., 1987, Callose deposition in leaves of cowpea as a sensitive response to high Mn supply, Plant Soil., Vol. 102, PP. 283–286.
Wolters, J.H.B., Martens, M.J.M., 1987, Effects of air pollutants on pollen, The Botanical Review., Vol. 53, PP. 372-414.
Yousefi, N., Chehregani, A., Malayeri, B., Lorestani, B., Cheraghi, M., 2011, Investigating the effect of heavy metals on developmental stages of anther and pollen in Chenopodium botrys L. (Chenopodiaceae), Biological Trace Element Research., Vol. 140, PP. 368-376.
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Zeng, X.W., Ma, L.Q., Qiu, R.L., Tang, Y.T., 2011, Effects of Zn on plant tolerance and non-protein thiol accumulation in Zn hyperaccumulator Arabis paniculata Franch, Environ Exp., Vol. 70, PP. 227-232.
Aloni, R., Aloni, E., Langhns.M., Ullrich, C.I., 2006, Role of Cytokinin and Auxin Shaping Root Architecture: Regulating Vascular Differentiation, Ltateral Root Initiation, Root Apical Dominance and Root Gravitropism.
Bonnet, M., Camares, O., Veisseire, P., 2000, Effect of zinc and influence of Acremonium lolii on growth parameters, chlorophyll a fluorescence and antioxidant enzyme activities of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv Apollo), J. Exp. Bot., 51(346): 945-953.
Brito, M.S., Bertolino L.T., Cossalter, V., Quiapim, A.C., DePaoli, H.C., Goldman, G.H., Teixeira, S.P., Goldman, M.H.S., 2015, Pollination triggers female gametophyte development in immature Nicotiana tabacum flowers. Frontiers in Plant Science, doi: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00561
Broadley, M.R., White, P. J. J., Hammond, P., Zelko, I., Lux, A., 2007, Zinc in plants, New Phytol., Vol. 173, PP. 677–702.
Chehregani A, Ramezani H. 2016. The study of anther and pollen developmental stages in Petunia hybrida juss. Iran J Plant Biol 29(1): 95– 105 (in Persian).
Chehregani, A., malayeri, B.E., kavianpour, F., Lari-yazdi, H., 2006, Effect of acid rain on the development, structure and viability of pollen grains in Bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris), Pakistan Journal of Biological Science., Vol. 9, PP. 1033-1036.
D’Arcy WG, Averett JE. 1996. Recognition of tribes Capsiceae and Physaleae, subfamily Solanoideae, Solanaceae. Phytologia 80: 273–275.
Davis G. 1966. Systematic embryology of the angiosperms. New York (NY): Wiley
Dharamadhaj, P., and Prakash, N., 1987, Development of the Anther and Ovule in Capsicum L. Aust. J. Bot., Vol. 26, PP. 433-439.
El-Ghamery, A.A., El-Kholy, M.A., El-Yousser, M.A., 2003. Evaluation of cytological effects of Zn2+ in relation to germination and root growth of Nigella sativa L. and Triticum aestivum L. Mutation Research 537: 29-41.
Endress PK. 1996. Diversity and evolutionary trends in angiosperm anthers. In: D’Arcy WG, Keeting R, editors. The anther: form, function and phylogeny. London: Cambridge University Press; p. 92–110.
FAO ,2017, FAOSTAT Database. Food and Agriculture Organization, Roma, Italy. Available online at URL: www.fao.org.
Ghimire B, Heo K. 2012. Embryology of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Solanaceae). Acta Biol Cracov Ser Bot 54(2): 69–78.
Giuffré, L., Romaniuk, R.I., Marbán, L., Ríos, R.P., García, T.P., 2012, Public health and heavy metals in urban and periurban horticulture, Emir. J. Food Agric., Vol, 24(2), PP. 148-154.
Hunzikera AT. 2001. Genera Solanacearum: the genera of the Solanaceae illustrated, arranged according to a new system. Ruggell: Gantner Verlag. p. 500.
Iwano M, Entani T, Shiba H, Takayama S, Isogai A. 2004. Calcium crystals in the anther of Petunia: the existence and biological significance in the pollination process. Plant Cell Physiol 45: 40–47.
Ló pez-Millán, A.F., Ellis, D.R., Grusak, M.A., 2005, Effect of zinc and manganese supply on the activities of superoxide dismutase and carbonic anhydrase in Medicago truncatula wild type and raz mutant plants, Plant Sci., Vol. 168, PP.1015-1022.
Marschner, H., 2012, Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants (3rd edition). Academic Press, London.
Mohan K. 1966. The ovule and embryo sac development in Browallia demissa Linn. Proc Indian Acad Sci (Plant Sci) 64: 26–31.
Mohan R, Kamini I. 1964. Embryology and fruit development in Withania somnifera. Phytomorphology 14: 574–587.
Mohsenzadeh, F., Chehregani, A., Yousefi, N., 2011, Effect of the heavy metals on developmental stages of ovule, pollen, and root proteins in Reseda lutea L. (Resedaceae), Biological Trace Element Research., Vol. 143, PP. 1777-1788.
Munting, A.J.,1974, Development of flower and fruit of Capsicum annuum L., Acta Bot., Vol. 23, PP. 415-432.
Pedler, J.F., Kinraide T.B., Parker, D.R., 2004, Zinc rhizotoxicity in wheat and radish is alleviated by micromolar levels of magnesium and potassium in solution culture, Plant Soil., Vol. 259, PP. 191–199.
Poddubnaya-Arnoldi VA. 1976. Cytoembryology of Angiosperms. Basics and Perspectives. Moskva: Nauka. (in Russian).
Rai, V., Vaypay E.E.P., Singh, S.N., Mehrotra, S., 2004, Effect of chromium accumulation on photosynthetic pigments, oxidative stress defence system, nitrate reduction, proline level and eugenol content of Ocimum tenuiflorum L., Plant Sci., Vol. 167(5), PP.1159-1169.
Ramezani, H., Chehregani Rad, A., Karamian, R.,2018, Development of the male and female gametophyte in Capsicum annuum L. var. California Wonder, Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, DOI:10.1080/11263504.2018.1435568.
Rezanejad F. 2006. Differentiation of crystal-containing cells during anther development and crystal types in the anther of Petunia hybrid grandiflora. Thaiszia – J Bot Košice 16: 41–46.
Rezanejad, F., 2007, The effect of air pollution on microsporogenesis, pollen development and soluble pollen proteins in Spartium junceum L. (Fabaceae), Turkish Journal of Botany., Vol. 31, PP. 183- 191.
Rezanejad, F., 2009, Air pollution effects on structure, proteins and flavonoids in pollen grains of Thuja orientalis L. (Cupressaceae), Grana., Vol. 48, PP. 205-213.
Rezanejad, F., Majd, A., Shariatzadeh, S. M.A., Moein, M., Aminzadeh, M., Mirzaeian, M., 2003, Effect of air pollution on soluble proteins, structure and cellular material release in pollen of Lagerstroemia indica L. (lytraceae), Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Series Botanica., Vol.45, PP. 129–132.
Rezanejad, F.,2008, The structure and ultrastructure of anther epidermis and pollen in Lagerstroemia indica L. (Lythraceae) in Response to Air Pollution, Turkish Journal of Botany., Vol.32, PP. 35-42.
Rout, G.R., Das, P., 2003, Effect of metal toxicity on plant growth and metabolism: I. Zinc, Agronomie., Vol. 23, PP. 3–11.
Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., 2010, Plant Physiology, Sinauer Assoc, Inc, Publ, Massachusetts., PP. 35-348.
Talebi, sh., Majd, A., Mirzai, M., Jafari, S., Abedini, M., 2016, The study of anther development, microsporogenesis and formation of male gametophyte in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), Research journal of biological sciences 11(1):34-37.
Tobe H. 1989. The embryology of angiosperms: its broad application to the systematic and evolutionary study. Bot Mag Tokyo 102: 351–367.
Van Assche F., Clijsters H., 1986, Inhibition of photosynthesis in Phaseolus vulgaris by treatment with toxic concentration of zinc: effect on ribulose – 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, J. Plant Physiol., VOL.125, PP. 355–360.
Wang, C., Zhang, S.H., Wang, P.F., Hou, J., Zhang, W.J., Li, W., Lin, Z.P., 2009, The effect of excess Zn on mineral nutrition and antioxidative response in rapeseed seedlings, Chemosphere., 75(11):1468–1476.
Wissemeier, A.H., Horst, W.J., 1987, Callose deposition in leaves of cowpea as a sensitive response to high Mn supply, Plant Soil., Vol. 102, PP. 283–286.
Wolters, J.H.B., Martens, M.J.M., 1987, Effects of air pollutants on pollen, The Botanical Review., Vol. 53, PP. 372-414.
Yousefi, N., Chehregani, A., Malayeri, B., Lorestani, B., Cheraghi, M., 2011, Investigating the effect of heavy metals on developmental stages of anther and pollen in Chenopodium botrys L. (Chenopodiaceae), Biological Trace Element Research., Vol. 140, PP. 368-376.
Yurukova-Grancharova P, Yankova-Tsvetkova E, Baldjiev G, Barragan MC. 2011. Reproductive biology of Atropa belladonna: embryological features, pollen and seed viability. Phytologia balcanica 17(1): 101–112.
Zeng, X.W., Ma, L.Q., Qiu, R.L., Tang, Y.T., 2011, Effects of Zn on plant tolerance and non-protein thiol accumulation in Zn hyperaccumulator Arabis paniculata Franch, Environ Exp., Vol. 70, PP. 227-232.
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Published
2020-03-13
How to Cite
Nemat Farahzadi, H., Arbabian, S., Majd, A., & Tajadod, G. (2020). Long-term Effect Different Concentrations of Zn (NO3)2 on the Development of Male and Female Gametophytes of Capsicum annuum L. var California Wonder. Caryologia, 73(1). https://doi.org/10.13128/caryologia-174
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