Assessment of cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of insecticide Demond EC25 in Allium cepa and Ames Test
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.13128/caryologia-698Keywords:
Allium test, Ames test, cytotoxicity, Demond EC25, mutagenicity, pesticideAbstract
The mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of Demond EC25, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, was assessed using two standard genotoxicity assays of the Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity assay (Ames test) and Allium cepa test. Cytogenetic effects of Demond EC25 were evaluated in the root meristem cells of Allium cepa. The test concentrations of compounds were selected by determining EC50 of the Allium root growth and onion seeds were exposed to Demond EC25 (50, 100, and 200 ppm) for 24, 48, and 72 hours. The concentrations Demond EC25 was compared with the value for the negative control using Dunnet-t test, 2 sided. The results indicated that mitotic index was clearly decreased with increasing the concentration of Demond EC25 in each treatment group as compared to the controls. Demond EC25 was tested for mutagenicity in bacterial reversion assay systems with two strains (TA98 and TA100) of Salmonella typhimurium absence and presence of S9 fraction. The doses of Demond EC25 were 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 µg/plate and test materials were dissolved in DMSO. Our results show that Demond EC25 was found to be mutagenic in 800 and 400 ?g/plate doses of TA98 in the without S9 mix and 800 ?g/plate in the with S9 mix. In TA100, Demond EC25 was found to be mutagenic only 800 ?g/plate doses without S9 mix. The other doses of this insecticide was not found to be mutagenic in both test strains.
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References
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Aky?l D. 2019. Risk assessment of Twister 5EC insectiside by using Allium and Ames Test. Res. J. Biotech. 14(7): 7-13.
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Antunes-Madeira MC, Madeira VMC. 1979. Interaction of insecticides with lipidmembranes. Biocihim Biophys Acta. 550:384–392.
Bhunya SP, Pati PC. 1990. Effect of deltamethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid, on the induction of chromosome aberrations, micronuclei and sperm abnormalities in mice. Mutagenesis 5:229–232.
Bickers DR, Calow P, Greim HA, Hanifin JM, Rogers AE, Saurat JH, Sipes IG, Smith RL, Tagamii H. 2003. The safety assessment of fragrance materials. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 37:218-273.
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Bonea D, Bonciu E. 2017. Cytogenetic effects induced by the fungicide Royal Flo to maize (Zea mays L.). Caryologia. 70(3):195–199.
Carrera A, Moos J, Ning XP, Gerton GL, Tesarik J, Kopf GS, Moss SB.1996. Regulation of protein tyrosine phosphorylation in human sperm by a calciumrcalmodulin dependent mechanism: identification of A kinase anchor proteins as major substrates for tyrosine phosphorylation. Dev Biol. 180:284–296.
Casida J, Quistad G. 1998. Golden age of insecticide research: past, present, or future? Annu Rev Entomol. 43:1–16.
Chauhan LKS, Agarwal DK, Sundaraman V. 1997. In vivo induction of sister chromatid exchange in mouse bone marrow following oral exposure to commercial formulations of alpha-cyano pyrethroids. Toxicol Lett. 93:153–157.
Chauhan LKS, Dikshith TSS, Sundaraman V. 1986. Effect of deltamethrin on plant cells I cytological effects on the root meristem of Allium cepa. Mutat Res. 171:25–30.
Daphedar A, Taranath TC. 2018. Green synthesis of zinc nanoparticles using leaf extract of Albizia saman (Jacq.) Merr. and their effect on root meristems of Drimia indica (Roxb.) Jessop. Caryologia. 71(2):93–102.
Di Sotto A, Evandri MG, Mazzanti G. 2008. Antimutagenic and mutagenic activities of some terpenes in the bacterial reverse mutation assay. Mutat Res. 653:130-133
Di Sotto A, Maffei F, Hrelia P, Castelli F, Sarpietro MG, Mazzanti G. 2013. Genotoxicity assessment of b-caryophyllene oxide. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 66:264-268.
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Fiskesjo G. 1985. The Allium test as a standart in environmental monitoring. Hereditas. 102:99–112.
Gandhi G, Chowdhury JB, Sareen PK, Dhillon VP.1995. Genotoxic effects of deltamethrin in the mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay. Mutat Res. 346:203–206.
Grossman N. 2007. Influence of pyrethroids and piperonyl butoxide on histamine release from isolated rat mast cells. Inflamm Res. 56: 473–478.
Jensen HK, Konradsen F, Dalsgaard A. 2011. Pesticide use and self-reported symptoms of acute pesticide poisoning among aquatic farmers in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Int J Toxicol. 1687-8191.
Karaismailo?lu MC. 2017. Assessments on the potential genotoxic effects of fipronil insecticide on Allium cepa somatic cells. Caryologia. 70(4):378–384.
Kocaman YA, K?l?ç E. 2017. Evaluation of the genotoxicity of commercial formulations of ethephon and ethephon+cyclanilide on Allium cepa L. root meristematic cells. Caryologia. 70:3,229–237.
Kursheed S, Raina A, Amin Laskar R, Khan S. 2018. Effect of gamma radiation and EMS on mutation rate, their effectiveness and efficiency in faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Caryologia.
Kutlu M, Özta? E, Aydo?an G. 2011. An investigation of mutagenic activities of some 9-substitued phenanthrene derivatives with Ames/Salmonella/microsome test. Anadolu University J Sci Tech. 1:83–94.
Levan A. 1938. The effect of colchicine on root mitosis in Allium. Hereditas. 24:471–486.
Lukowicz RJ, Krechniak J. 1992. Effects of deltamethrin on the immune system in mice. Environ Res. 59:467–475.
Majewska AE, Wolska E, Sliwinska M, Furmanowa N, Urbanska A, Pietrosiuk A, Zobel A, Kuran M. 2003. Antimitotic effect, G2/M accumulation, chromosomal and ultrastructure changes in meristematic cells of Allium cepa L. root tips treated with the extract from Rhadiola rosea roots. Caryologia. 56:337–351.
Marcano L, Carruyo I, Del Campo A, Montiel X. 2004. Cytotoxicity and mode of action of maleic hydrazide in root tips of Allium cepa L. Environ Res. 94:221-226.
Maron DM, Ames BN. 1983. Revised methods for the Salmonella mutagenicity test. Mutat Res. 113:173–215.
Martin PA.1990. Effects of carbofuran, chlorpyrifos and deltamethrin on hatchability, deformity, chick size and incu- bation time of Japanese quail Coturnix japonica. eggs, Environ Toxicol Chem. 9:529–534.
Miao J, Wang D, Yan J, Wang Y, Teng M, Zhou Z, Zhu W. 2017. Comparison of subacute effects of two types of pyrethroid insecticides using metabolomics methods. Pest Biochem Physiol. 143: 161–167
Ministry of the Environment. 2011. Compilation of pollutant release and transfer register data Ministry of the Environment; in Japanese. Available from: http://www.env.go.jp/chemi/prtr/result/todokedegaiH22/suikei/sanko3.pdf.
Morgan MK. 2012. Children's exposures to pyrethroid insecticides at home: a review of data collected in published exposure measurement studies conducted in the United States. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 9: 2964–2985.
Nagy K, Racz G, Matsumoto T, Adany R, Adam B. 2014. Evaluation of the genotoxicity of the pyrethroid insecticide phenothrin. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen. 770:1–5.
Nakamura Y, Tonogai Y, Tsumura Y, Ito Y. 1993. Determination of pyrethroid residues in vegetables, fruits, grains, beans, and green tea leaves: applications to pyrethroid residue monitoring studies. J AOAC Int. 76:1348–1361.
Oulhote Y, Bouchard MF. 2013. Urinary metabolites of organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides and behavioral problems in Canadian children. Environ Health Perspect. 121: 1378–1384.
Oztas E. 2005. Baz? 9-substitiue fenantren turevlerinin mutajenik aktivitelerinin Ames/Salmonella/mikrozom testi ile ara?t?r?lmas?. Eskisehir, Yuksek Lisans Tezi, Anadolu Universitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitusu.
Özkara A, Aky?l D, Erdo?mu? SF, Eren Y, Konuk M. 2019. Mutagenic and cytotoxic activity of Alloxydim sodium with Allium and Ames tests. Res. J. Biotech. 14(7): 7-13.
Pluijmen M, Drevon C, Montesano R, Malaveille C, Hautefeuille A, Bartsch H. 1984. Lack of mutagenicity of synthetic pyrethroids in Salmonella typhimurium strains and in V79, Chinese hamster ovary cells. Mutat Res. 137:7–15.
Rank J. 2003. The method of Allium anaphase-telophase chromosome aberration assay. Ekologija. 1:38–42.
Saleem U, Ejaz S, Ashraf M, Omer MO, Altaf I, Batool Z, Fatima R, Afzal M. 2014. Mutagenic and cytotoxic potential of Endosulfan and Lambda-cyhalothrin – in vitro study describing individual and combined effects of pesticides. J Environ Sci. 26:1471–1479.
Saxena PN, Chaval? M, Gupta SK. 2009. Evaluation of cytogenetic effects of deltamethrin in root meristem cells of Allium sativum and Allium cepa: A possible mechanism of chromosome damage.Toxicol Environ Chem. 91(3):577-594.
Shukla Y, Taneja P. 2000. Mutagenic evaluation of deltamethrin using rodent dominant lethal assay. Mutat Res. 467:119–127.
Smaka-Kincl V, Stegnar P, Lovka M, Toman MJ. 1996. The evaluation of waste, surface and ground water quality using the Allium test procedure. Mutat Res. 368:171-179.
Sudhakar R, Gowda N, Venu G. 2001. Mitotic abnormalities induced by silk dyeing industry effluents in the cells of Allium cepa. Cytologia. 66:235–239.
Surralles J, Xamena N, Creus A, Catalan J, Norppa H,Marcos R.1995. Induction of micronuclei by five pyrethroid insecticides in whole-blood and isolated human lymphocyte cultures. Mutat Res. 341:169–184.
Valles SM, Koehler PG. 2003. Insecticides used in the urban environment: mode of action (ENY282). Gainesville, FL: Department of Entomology and Nematology University of Florida.
Viel JF, Warembourg C, Le Maner-Idrissi G, Lacroix A, Limon G, Rouget F, Monfort C, Durand G, Cordier S, Chevrier C. 2015. Pyrethroid insecticide exposure and cognitive developmental disabilities in children: the PELAGIE motherchild cohort. Environ Int. 82: 69–75.
Villarini M, Moretti M, Pasquini R, Scassellati-Sforzolini G, Fatigoni C, Marcarelli M, Monarca S, Rodroguez AV.1998. In vitro genotoxic effects of the insecticide deltamethrin in human peripheral blood leucocytes: DNA damage ‘comet’ assay in relation to the induction of sister- chromatid exchanges and micronuclei. Toxicol. 130:129–139.
Akintonwa A, Awodele O, Olayemi SO, Oreagba IA, Olaniyi OM. 2008. The mutagenic testing of different brands of commonly used insecticides. African J Biotech. 7:2134–2136.
Aky?l D. 2019. Risk assessment of Twister 5EC insectiside by using Allium and Ames Test. Res. J. Biotech. 14(7): 7-13.
Ames BN, McCann J, Yamasaki E. 1975. Methods for detecting carcinogens and mutagens with the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome mutagenicity test. Mutat Res. 31:347–364.
Antunes-Madeira MC, Madeira VMC. 1979. Interaction of insecticides with lipidmembranes. Biocihim Biophys Acta. 550:384–392.
Bhunya SP, Pati PC. 1990. Effect of deltamethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid, on the induction of chromosome aberrations, micronuclei and sperm abnormalities in mice. Mutagenesis 5:229–232.
Bickers DR, Calow P, Greim HA, Hanifin JM, Rogers AE, Saurat JH, Sipes IG, Smith RL, Tagamii H. 2003. The safety assessment of fragrance materials. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 37:218-273.
Bonciu E, Firbas P, Fontanetti CS, Jiang W, Karaismailo?lu MC, Liu D, Menicucci F, Pesnya DS, Popescu A, Romanovsky AV, Schiff S, ?lusarczyk J, de Souza CP, Srivastava A, Sutan A, Papini A. 2018. An evaluation for the standardization of the Allium cepa test as cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assay. Caryologia 71(3): 191-209.
Bonea D, Bonciu E. 2017. Cytogenetic effects induced by the fungicide Royal Flo to maize (Zea mays L.). Caryologia. 70(3):195–199.
Carrera A, Moos J, Ning XP, Gerton GL, Tesarik J, Kopf GS, Moss SB.1996. Regulation of protein tyrosine phosphorylation in human sperm by a calciumrcalmodulin dependent mechanism: identification of A kinase anchor proteins as major substrates for tyrosine phosphorylation. Dev Biol. 180:284–296.
Casida J, Quistad G. 1998. Golden age of insecticide research: past, present, or future? Annu Rev Entomol. 43:1–16.
Chauhan LKS, Agarwal DK, Sundaraman V. 1997. In vivo induction of sister chromatid exchange in mouse bone marrow following oral exposure to commercial formulations of alpha-cyano pyrethroids. Toxicol Lett. 93:153–157.
Chauhan LKS, Dikshith TSS, Sundaraman V. 1986. Effect of deltamethrin on plant cells I cytological effects on the root meristem of Allium cepa. Mutat Res. 171:25–30.
Daphedar A, Taranath TC. 2018. Green synthesis of zinc nanoparticles using leaf extract of Albizia saman (Jacq.) Merr. and their effect on root meristems of Drimia indica (Roxb.) Jessop. Caryologia. 71(2):93–102.
Di Sotto A, Evandri MG, Mazzanti G. 2008. Antimutagenic and mutagenic activities of some terpenes in the bacterial reverse mutation assay. Mutat Res. 653:130-133
Di Sotto A, Maffei F, Hrelia P, Castelli F, Sarpietro MG, Mazzanti G. 2013. Genotoxicity assessment of b-caryophyllene oxide. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 66:264-268.
Ema M, Imamura T, Suzuki H. 2012. Evaluation of genotoxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in a battery of in vitro and in vivo assays. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 63:188–195.
EMEA, 2008. Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC), Guideline on the Assessment of Genotoxicity of Herbal Substances/Preparations. EMEA/HMPC/ 107079/2007.
European Food Safety Authority CEF Panel (EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes, Flavourings and Processing Aids). 2014. Scientific opinion on flavouring group evaluation 213, revision 1 (FGE.213Rev1): consideration of genotoxic potential for a,b-unsaturated alicyclic ketones and precursors from chemical subgroup 2.7 of FGE.19. EFSA J. 12:3661-3707.
Fiskesjo G. 1985. The Allium test as a standart in environmental monitoring. Hereditas. 102:99–112.
Gandhi G, Chowdhury JB, Sareen PK, Dhillon VP.1995. Genotoxic effects of deltamethrin in the mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay. Mutat Res. 346:203–206.
Grossman N. 2007. Influence of pyrethroids and piperonyl butoxide on histamine release from isolated rat mast cells. Inflamm Res. 56: 473–478.
Jensen HK, Konradsen F, Dalsgaard A. 2011. Pesticide use and self-reported symptoms of acute pesticide poisoning among aquatic farmers in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Int J Toxicol. 1687-8191.
Karaismailo?lu MC. 2017. Assessments on the potential genotoxic effects of fipronil insecticide on Allium cepa somatic cells. Caryologia. 70(4):378–384.
Kocaman YA, K?l?ç E. 2017. Evaluation of the genotoxicity of commercial formulations of ethephon and ethephon+cyclanilide on Allium cepa L. root meristematic cells. Caryologia. 70:3,229–237.
Kursheed S, Raina A, Amin Laskar R, Khan S. 2018. Effect of gamma radiation and EMS on mutation rate, their effectiveness and efficiency in faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Caryologia.
Kutlu M, Özta? E, Aydo?an G. 2011. An investigation of mutagenic activities of some 9-substitued phenanthrene derivatives with Ames/Salmonella/microsome test. Anadolu University J Sci Tech. 1:83–94.
Levan A. 1938. The effect of colchicine on root mitosis in Allium. Hereditas. 24:471–486.
Lukowicz RJ, Krechniak J. 1992. Effects of deltamethrin on the immune system in mice. Environ Res. 59:467–475.
Majewska AE, Wolska E, Sliwinska M, Furmanowa N, Urbanska A, Pietrosiuk A, Zobel A, Kuran M. 2003. Antimitotic effect, G2/M accumulation, chromosomal and ultrastructure changes in meristematic cells of Allium cepa L. root tips treated with the extract from Rhadiola rosea roots. Caryologia. 56:337–351.
Marcano L, Carruyo I, Del Campo A, Montiel X. 2004. Cytotoxicity and mode of action of maleic hydrazide in root tips of Allium cepa L. Environ Res. 94:221-226.
Maron DM, Ames BN. 1983. Revised methods for the Salmonella mutagenicity test. Mutat Res. 113:173–215.
Martin PA.1990. Effects of carbofuran, chlorpyrifos and deltamethrin on hatchability, deformity, chick size and incu- bation time of Japanese quail Coturnix japonica. eggs, Environ Toxicol Chem. 9:529–534.
Miao J, Wang D, Yan J, Wang Y, Teng M, Zhou Z, Zhu W. 2017. Comparison of subacute effects of two types of pyrethroid insecticides using metabolomics methods. Pest Biochem Physiol. 143: 161–167
Ministry of the Environment. 2011. Compilation of pollutant release and transfer register data Ministry of the Environment; in Japanese. Available from: http://www.env.go.jp/chemi/prtr/result/todokedegaiH22/suikei/sanko3.pdf.
Morgan MK. 2012. Children's exposures to pyrethroid insecticides at home: a review of data collected in published exposure measurement studies conducted in the United States. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 9: 2964–2985.
Nagy K, Racz G, Matsumoto T, Adany R, Adam B. 2014. Evaluation of the genotoxicity of the pyrethroid insecticide phenothrin. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen. 770:1–5.
Nakamura Y, Tonogai Y, Tsumura Y, Ito Y. 1993. Determination of pyrethroid residues in vegetables, fruits, grains, beans, and green tea leaves: applications to pyrethroid residue monitoring studies. J AOAC Int. 76:1348–1361.
Oulhote Y, Bouchard MF. 2013. Urinary metabolites of organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides and behavioral problems in Canadian children. Environ Health Perspect. 121: 1378–1384.
Oztas E. 2005. Baz? 9-substitiue fenantren turevlerinin mutajenik aktivitelerinin Ames/Salmonella/mikrozom testi ile ara?t?r?lmas?. Eskisehir, Yuksek Lisans Tezi, Anadolu Universitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitusu.
Özkara A, Aky?l D, Erdo?mu? SF, Eren Y, Konuk M. 2019. Mutagenic and cytotoxic activity of Alloxydim sodium with Allium and Ames tests. Res. J. Biotech. 14(7): 7-13.
Pluijmen M, Drevon C, Montesano R, Malaveille C, Hautefeuille A, Bartsch H. 1984. Lack of mutagenicity of synthetic pyrethroids in Salmonella typhimurium strains and in V79, Chinese hamster ovary cells. Mutat Res. 137:7–15.
Rank J. 2003. The method of Allium anaphase-telophase chromosome aberration assay. Ekologija. 1:38–42.
Saleem U, Ejaz S, Ashraf M, Omer MO, Altaf I, Batool Z, Fatima R, Afzal M. 2014. Mutagenic and cytotoxic potential of Endosulfan and Lambda-cyhalothrin – in vitro study describing individual and combined effects of pesticides. J Environ Sci. 26:1471–1479.
Saxena PN, Chaval? M, Gupta SK. 2009. Evaluation of cytogenetic effects of deltamethrin in root meristem cells of Allium sativum and Allium cepa: A possible mechanism of chromosome damage.Toxicol Environ Chem. 91(3):577-594.
Shukla Y, Taneja P. 2000. Mutagenic evaluation of deltamethrin using rodent dominant lethal assay. Mutat Res. 467:119–127.
Smaka-Kincl V, Stegnar P, Lovka M, Toman MJ. 1996. The evaluation of waste, surface and ground water quality using the Allium test procedure. Mutat Res. 368:171-179.
Sudhakar R, Gowda N, Venu G. 2001. Mitotic abnormalities induced by silk dyeing industry effluents in the cells of Allium cepa. Cytologia. 66:235–239.
Surralles J, Xamena N, Creus A, Catalan J, Norppa H,Marcos R.1995. Induction of micronuclei by five pyrethroid insecticides in whole-blood and isolated human lymphocyte cultures. Mutat Res. 341:169–184.
Valles SM, Koehler PG. 2003. Insecticides used in the urban environment: mode of action (ENY282). Gainesville, FL: Department of Entomology and Nematology University of Florida.
Viel JF, Warembourg C, Le Maner-Idrissi G, Lacroix A, Limon G, Rouget F, Monfort C, Durand G, Cordier S, Chevrier C. 2015. Pyrethroid insecticide exposure and cognitive developmental disabilities in children: the PELAGIE motherchild cohort. Environ Int. 82: 69–75.
Villarini M, Moretti M, Pasquini R, Scassellati-Sforzolini G, Fatigoni C, Marcarelli M, Monarca S, Rodroguez AV.1998. In vitro genotoxic effects of the insecticide deltamethrin in human peripheral blood leucocytes: DNA damage ‘comet’ assay in relation to the induction of sister- chromatid exchanges and micronuclei. Toxicol. 130:129–139.
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2019-12-05
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Özkara, A. . (2019). Assessment of cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of insecticide Demond EC25 in Allium cepa and Ames Test. Caryologia, 72(2), 21–27. https://doi.org/10.13128/caryologia-698
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