V. 4 N. 1 (2025): beyond the mask
Articles

Women’s Knowledge, Beliefs and Practices Related to Breast Self-Examinations in Italy

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  • Elena Stefanelli,
  • Sofia Colaceci,
  • Giancarlo Marcheggiani,
  • Ramacciati Nicola
Elena Stefanelli
Integrated University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
Sofia Colaceci
Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences (UniCamillus), Rome, Italy
Giancarlo Marcheggiani
Umbria Region - Health Planning, Territorial Assistance and Socio-Health Integration Service, Perugia, Italy
Ramacciati Nicola
Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
DOI: https://doi.org/10.36253/if-2766

Pubblicato 2025-03-31

Parole chiave

  • Breast Self-Examination,
  • Breast Cancer,
  • Health Belief Model,
  • Women,
  • Prevention

Copyright (c) 2025 Elena Stefanelli, Sofia Colaceci, Giancarlo Marcheggiani, Ramacciati Nicola

Creative Commons License

TQuesto lavoro è fornito con la licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione 4.0 Internazionale.

Abstract

Introduction. Breast cancer is a significant global health issue. In Italy, it represents 30.3% of female cancer cases. Early detection through mammography is crucial, particularly for women who face a higher risk. Moreover, breast self-examination (BSE) is a tool that can help women become familiar with their breasts to identify breast changes and contact their physicians for clinical assessments. We conducted a study with an observational–descriptive survey design. The objective was to examine women’s knowledge, beliefs and practices about breast cancer prevention and BSE.

Methods. Data collection relied upon the Italian-validated version of the Champion’s Health Belief Model Scale, consisting of 31 items related to susceptibility, gravity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers and self-efficacy. The inclusion criteria required the women to be between 20 and 44 years of age and to be living in Umbria, Italy. The convenience sample was stratified according to the age distribution of women.

Results. A total of 252 questionnaires were collected. After screening for completeness and ensuring they met the required criteria, the final sample included 150 women according to the predetermined stratification. Most women had a university education (53.3%); about 44% were mothers, 75.7% of whom had breastfed. Most practiced BSE (73.3%), with no significant sociodemographic differences. Educational levels impacted perceived breast cancer risk, with 21.4% of lower-educated women fearing higher susceptibility (p=0.049). Self-efficacy was higher amongst self-examiners, but uncertainty was prevalent in both groups. Embarrassment and time constraints were barriers, but other Health Belief Model variables exhibited no significant differences between BSE and non-BSE groups.

Discussion and Conclusion. This study uncovered a strong link between women’s self-efficacy, confidence in performing a BSE and BSE practice. Education and health campaigns should consider socio-demographic factors (e.g. level of education, age) to promote BSE, especially amongst women who are not covered by mammography screenings.

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