Vol. 1 (2024)
Articles

The Localisation of Italian Multilateralism: the Italy-Central Asia 5+1 Format in a Comparative Analysis with China and the United States

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  • Fabio Indeo,
  • Frank Maracchione
Fabio Indeo
Università di Siena
Frank Maracchione
University of Sheffield
DOI: https://doi.org/10.36253/asiac-2416

Published 2023-12-13

Keywords

  • 5+1 format,
  • Baku,
  • multilateralism,
  • localisation

How to Cite

Indeo, F., & Maracchione, F. (2023). The Localisation of Italian Multilateralism: the Italy-Central Asia 5+1 Format in a Comparative Analysis with China and the United States. ASIAC – Studies on Central Asia and the Caucasus (SCC), 1, 181–200. https://doi.org/10.36253/asiac-2416

Abstract

This study explores the adoption by external powers, namely Italy, the US and China, of the 5+1 format for engaging Central Asian republics. Made possible by the relaxation of regional conflicts between Central Asian leaders, this inclusive format facilitates semi-institutionalized discussions to identify strategic goals, balance political ambitions, and foster comprehensive regional dialogue. Italy, a forerunner in the European Union, used the forum to successfully extend its engagement beyond bilateral energy and trade agreements, strengthening diplomatic ties with smaller states like Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, and promoting cultural and scientific collaborations. This established Italy as a dependable partner for Central Asia, eager to cooperate on common agendas. Despite the potential of the format, limited literature exists on this approach, and current works tend to emphasize power imbalances, overlooking the impact of joint partnerships on sensitive issues. The authors assert that the adoption of the 5+1 framework showcases the localisation and cross-contamination of external powers’ foreign policies in the region. The study uses document analysis, and semi-structured interviews conducted during fieldwork in the United States and Central Asia.

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