Genetic (SSRs) versus morphological differentiation of date palm cultivars: Fst versus Pst estimates
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36253/caryologia-1089Keywords:
date palm, genetic variability, genetic structure, PST index, population assignmentAbstract
Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is one of the oldest domesticated fruit trees. For future breeding program, knowledge on genetic structure of cultivars is necessary. Therefore, the present study was performed with the following aims: 1- To provide data on genetic diversity and genetic structure of 36 date palm cultivars, 2- To provide data on the association between fruit characteristics and the genetic features of the cultivars. We used nine SSRs and EST-SSR loci for our genetic investigation. The most of SSR loci obtained have a high Gst value (0.70), and therefore have a good discrimination power for date palm cultivar differentiation task. K-Means clustering grouped date palm cultivars either in two broad clusters, or in 16 smaller genetic groups. This was supported by delta K = 2 of the STRUCTURE analysis. AMOVA produced significant genetic difference among date palm cultivars (PhiPT = 0.70, P = 0.001). New genetic differentiation parameters estimated also produced significant difference among date palm cultivars (G’st (Nei) = 0.673, P = 0.001; G’st (Hed) = 0.738, P = 0.001). Test of assignment revealed that some of the cultivars have 33-66% misassignment, probably due to genetic admixture. Heatmaps of genetic versus morphological and agronomical characters in date palm cultivars differed from each other showing the cultivars morphological changes is not merely related to their genetic content. It points toward the potential role played either by environmental conditions or local selection practice. The new findings can be utilized in future conservation and breeding of date palms in the country.
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References
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Spitze K (1993) Population structure in Daphnia obtusa: quantitative genetic and allozymic variation. Genetics 135: 367–374.
Zehdi-Azouzi S, Cherif E, Moussouni S, Gros-Balthazard M, Naqvi S A, Ludeña B, Castillo K, Chabrillange N, Bouguedoura N, Bennaceur M, Si-Dehbi F, Abdoulkader S, Daher A, Terral JF Santoni, S, Ballardini M, Mercuri A, Ben Salah M, Kadri K, Othmani A, Littardi C, Salhi-Hannachi A, Pintaud J Ch, Aberlenc-Bertossi F (2015) Genetic structure of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) in the Old World reveals a strong differentiation between eastern and western populations. Ann Bot 116: 101–112. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcv068
Zhao Y, Williams R, Prakash CS, He G (2012) Identification and characterization of gene-based SSR markers in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). BMC Plant Biol 12(1): 237. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2229-12-237
Aljuhani W S (2016) Genetic Diversity and the Impact of Geographical Location on the Relationships Between Phoenix dactylifera L. Germplasms Grown in Saudi Arabia. Hereditary Genet 5(3):1-11. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-1041.1000172
Bodian A, Nachtigall M, Frese L, Elhoumaizi M A, Hasnaoui A, Ndir KN, Sané D (2014) Genetic diversity analysis of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars from Morocco using SSR markers. J Biodivers Biopros Dev 1(3): 2376-0214
Brommer JE (2011) Whither PST? The approximation of QST by PST in evolutionary and conservation biology. J Evol Biol 24:1160-1168. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02268.x
Caré O, Mu?ller, M, Vornam, B, Höltken, A, Kahlert K, Krutovsky K V, Gailing, O, Leinemann, L (2018) High Morphological Differentiation in Crown Architecture Contrasts with Low Population Genetic Structure of German Norway Spruce Stands. Forests 9: 752. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9120752
Da Silva B, Anne Da Silva A (2018) Pstat: An R Package to Assess Population Differentiation in Phenotypic Traits by Stéphane. The R Journal 10(1): 447-454
El hadrami I, El hadrami A (2009) Breeding date palm. In: Jain SM, Priyadarshan PM (eds) Breeding plantation tree crops: tropical species, Berlin, Springer pp191-216
FAO (2010) Statistics Division. <http://faostat.fao.org/default.aspx>. Online. Accessed: Dez. 01, 2010.
Gros-Balthazard M, Battesti V, Ivorra S, Paradis L (2020) Integration of ethno botany and population genetics uncovers the agrobiodiversity of date palms of Siwa Oasis (Egypt) and their importance to the evolutionary history of the species. Evol Appl. https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12930
Gentili R, Solari A, Diekmann M, Duprè C, Monti GS, Armiraglio S, Assini S, Sandra Citterio S (2018) Genetic differentiation, local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity in fragmented populations of a rare forest herb. Peer J. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4929.
Hajian S (2007) Quantity and Quality Comparison of Offshoot and Tissue Cultured Barhee Date Palm Trees. Acta Hortic 736:293-297. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.736.27
Hassanzadeh Khankahdani H, Bagheri A (2019) Identification of Genetic Variation of Male and Female Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Cultivars Using Morphological and Molecular Markers. Int J Hortic Sci 6(1): 63-76. https://doi.org/10.22059/ijhst.2019.276013.278
Hajia S, Hamidi-Esfahani Z (2015) Date Palm Status and Perspective in Iran. In: Al-Khayri J, Jain S, Johnson D. (eds) Date Palm Genetic Resources and Utilization, Springer, Dordrecht
Jaradat A A (2014) Synthesis and assessment of date palm genetic diversity studies. Emir J Food Agric 26 (11): 934-952. https://doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.v26i11.18977
Jubrael JMS, Udupa S, Baum M (2005) Assessment of AFLP based genetic relationships among date palm (Phoenix dactylifera. L.) varieties of Iraq. J Amer Soc Hort Sci 130:442–447.
Johnson, DV, Al-Khayri JM, Mohan Jain S (2015) Introduction: Date Production Status and Prospects in Africa and the Americas. In: Al-Khayri JM, Jain S M, Johnson D V. (Eds.) Date Palm Genetic Resources and Utilization, 3 rd. Africa and the Americas, pp: 3-18
Leinonen T, McCairns RJS, O'Hara RB, Merilä J (2013) QSTFST comparisons: evolutionary and ecological insights from genomic heterogeneity. Nature Reviews Genetics 14:179190. https://doi.org/ 10.1038/nrg3395
Leinonen T, Cano J M, Makinen H, Merilä J (2006) Contrasting patterns of body shape and neutral genetic divergence in marine and lake populations of three spine sticklebacks. J Evol Biol 19:1803–1812. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420 9101.2006.01182.x.
Meirmans PG (2020) GENODIVE version 3.0: Easy-to-use software for the analysis of genetic data of diploids and polyploids. Mol Ecol Resour https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.13145
MOORE H, UHL N (2011) Major trends of evolution in Palm. Botanical Review. http://www.springerlink.com/content/t637574148l46075/. Accessed 04 May 2011
Marsafari M, Mehrabi AA (2013) Molecular identification and genetic diversity of Iranian date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars using ISSR and RAPD markers. AJCS 7(8):1160-1166
Prout T, Barker J S F (1993) F statistics in Drosophila buzzatii: selection, population size and inbreeding. Genetics 134: 369–375
Piry S, Alapetite A, Cornuet JM, Paetkau D, Baudouin L, Estoup A (2004) GENECLASS2: A Software for Genetic Assignment and First-Generation Migrant Detection. J HERED 95(6):536–539. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esh074
Rivas M, Barbieri R L, da Maia C (2012) Plant breeding and in situ utilization of palm trees. Ciência Rural, Santa Maria 42: 261-269.
Saboori S, Noormohammadi Z, Sheidai M, Marashi S (2019) SCoT molecular markers and genetic fingerprinting of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars. Genet Resour Crop Evol 67(1): 73-82.? https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-019-00854-x
Sharifi M, Sheidai M, Koohdar F. 2018. Genetic fingerprinting of date palm (Pheonix dactylifera L.) by using ISSR and cpDNA sequences. Indian J. Genet 78(4): 507-514. https://doi.org/10.31742/IJGPB.78.4.13
S?urinova´ SB, Kla´ps?t? JM, Kola´?´?kova´ V, Hadincova´ V, Mu¨nzbergova´ Z (2018) Adaptive differentiation of Festuca rubra along a climate gradient revealed by molecular markers and quantitative traits. PLoS ONE 13(4): e0194670. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194670
Spitze K (1993) Population structure in Daphnia obtusa: quantitative genetic and allozymic variation. Genetics 135: 367–374.
Zehdi-Azouzi S, Cherif E, Moussouni S, Gros-Balthazard M, Naqvi S A, Ludeña B, Castillo K, Chabrillange N, Bouguedoura N, Bennaceur M, Si-Dehbi F, Abdoulkader S, Daher A, Terral JF Santoni, S, Ballardini M, Mercuri A, Ben Salah M, Kadri K, Othmani A, Littardi C, Salhi-Hannachi A, Pintaud J Ch, Aberlenc-Bertossi F (2015) Genetic structure of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) in the Old World reveals a strong differentiation between eastern and western populations. Ann Bot 116: 101–112. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcv068
Zhao Y, Williams R, Prakash CS, He G (2012) Identification and characterization of gene-based SSR markers in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). BMC Plant Biol 12(1): 237. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2229-12-237
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Published
2021-12-21
How to Cite
Saboori, S., Sheidai, M., Noourmohammadi, Z., Marashi, S. S., & Koohdar, F. (2021). Genetic (SSRs) versus morphological differentiation of date palm cultivars: Fst versus Pst estimates. Caryologia, 74(3), 151–168. https://doi.org/10.36253/caryologia-1089
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Copyright (c) 2021 Somayeh Saboori, Masoud Sheidai, Zahra Noourmohammadi, Seyed Samih Marashi, Fahimeh Koohdar
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