Vol. 1 (2024)
Articles

La centralità dei nomadi nel commercio della Caucasia settentrionale. Rapporti diplomatici fra i Mongoli e Venezia sul Mar d’Azov nel XIV secolo

PDF
  • Lorenzo Pubblici
Lorenzo Pubblici
Dipartimento Asia, Africa e Mediterraneo, Università di Napoli l’Orientale
DOI: https://doi.org/10.36253/asiac-2420

Published 2023-12-13

Keywords

  • Mongol history,
  • history of Venice,
  • Medieval trade,
  • Azov Sea Region,
  • 14th-century crisis,
  • history of Tana
    • ...More
    Less

How to Cite

Pubblici, L. (2023). La centralità dei nomadi nel commercio della Caucasia settentrionale. Rapporti diplomatici fra i Mongoli e Venezia sul Mar d’Azov nel XIV secolo. ASIAC – Studies on Central Asia and the Caucasus (SCC), 1, 59–79. https://doi.org/10.36253/asiac-2420

Abstract

This paper examines the significant role of nomadic populations in shaping trade networks in Northern Caucasia in the 14th century. Focusing on the diplomatic relations between the Mongol elite of the Ulus Jochi (Golden Horde) and the Venetian authorities, the paper explores how nomads’ idea of juridical spaces and attitude towards commerce dictated the pace of European presence in the Northern Black Sea basin, sometimes favoring, sometimes halting mobility, economic practices, and cultural exchanges in the region. By analyzing historical sources and accounts, this study aims to show the active role of the Mongols in regulating the European commercial expansion in Northern Caucasia during the difficult 14th century.

PDF

References

  1. Ahrweiler, Hélène. 1975. "Course et piraterie dans la Méditerrannée orientale aux IVe-XVe siècles (Empire byzantin)." In Course et piraterie. Études présentées à la Commission Internationale d’histoire Maritime à l’occasion de son XVe colloque international pendant le XIVe Congrès International des Sciences historiques (San Francisco, août 1975), Michel Mollat (ed.). Paris: 7-29.
  2. Azbelev, Sergej N. 2018. "Čto ugrozhalo russkomu narodu v 1380." Drevnaja Rus’. Voprosy medievistiki, 71-1: 151-55.
  3. Balard, Michel. 1978. La Romanie génoise (XIIe-Debut du XVe siècle). 2 voll. Rome: École Française de Rome.
  4. Balard, Michel. 2012. 1261. Genova nel mondo: il trattato di Ninfeo. Roma-Bari: Laterza.
  5. Barfield, Thomas J. 1989. The perilous frontier. Nomadic Empires and China. London: Blackwell.
  6. Barker, Hannah. 2021. "Laying the corpses to rest: grain, embargoes, and Yersinia pestis in the Black Sea, 1346–48." Speculum 96.1: 97-126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/711596
  7. Berindei, Minhea-Veinstein-Gilles. 1976. "La Tana-Azaq de la présence italienne à l’emprise ottomane (fin XIIIe-milieu XVIe siècle)." Turcica. 8: 110-201.
  8. Bernardini, Michele-Guida, Donatella. 2012. I Mongoli. Espansione, imperi, eredità. Torino: Einaudi.
  9. Bernardini, Michele. 2022. Tamerlano: il conquistatore delle steppe che assoggettò l’Asia dando vita ad una nuova civiltà. Salerno. Roma.
  10. Biran, Michal. 2013. Qaidu and the rise of the independent Mongol state in Central Asia. London: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315026947
  11. Ciocîltan, Virgil. 2012. The Mongols and the Black Sea trade in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Leiden: Brill DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004236431
  12. Cristea, Ovidiu-Pilat, Liviu. 2020. From Pax Mongolica to Pax Ottomanica: War, Religion and Trade in the Northwestern Black Sea Region (14th-16th Centuries). Leiden-Boston: Brill. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004422445
  13. Di Cosmo Nicola-Pubblici Lorenzo. 2022. Venezia ei Mongoli: commercio e diplomazia sulle vie della seta nel medioevo (secoli XIII-XV). Roma: Viella.
  14. Di Cosmo, Nicola. 1994. "Ancient Inner Asian nomads: their economic basis and its significance in Chinese history." The Journal of Asian Studies 53.4: 1092-1126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2059235
  15. Di Cosmo, Nicola. 2009. "Black Sea Emporia and the Mongol Empire: A Reassessment of the Pax Mongolica." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 53.1-2: 83-108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/002249910X12573963244241
  16. Dumerc, Bernard. 1988. "Les Vénitiens à la Tana au XVe siècle." Le Moyen Age. 94/3-4: 363-80.
  17. Eisma, Doeke. 2012. "Agriculture on the Mongolian steppe." The Silk Road 10: 123-135.
  18. Fuess, Albrecht. 2015. “Why Venice, not Genoa? How Venice Emerged as the Mamluks’ Favourite European Trading Partner after 1365”. In Union in Separation – Diasporic Groups and Identities in the Eastern Mediterranean (1100-1800), Georg Christ et al. (eds.). Roma: Viella, 251-266.
  19. Garzaniti, Marcello. 2016. "Le origini medievali dell'idea di" santa Russia". La commemorazione della battaglia di Kulikovo (1380) nella Narrazione del massacro di Mamaj." Reti Medievali Rivista, 17.1: 35-70.
  20. Gioffrè Domenico. 1971. Il mercato degli schiavi a Genova nel secolo XV. Genova: Bozzi.
  21. Green, Monica H. 2020. "The four Black Deaths." The American Historical Review 125.5: 1601-1631. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhaa511
  22. Heyd, Wilhelm. 1913. Storia del commercio del Levante nel Medio Evo. Torino: Utet.
  23. Kalra, Prajakti. 2020. "Pax Mongolica: Trade and traders in the Mongol empire." Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.493
  24. Karpov, Sergej P. 1986. L’Impero di Trebisonda, Venezia, Genova e Roma, 1204–1461: rapporti politici, diplomatici e commerciali. Roma: Il Veltro.
  25. Karpov, Sergej P. 1993. "The grain trade in the southern Black Sea region: the thirteenth to the fifteenth century." Mediterranean Historical Review 8.1: 55-73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09518969308569647
  26. Karpov, Sergej P. 1997. "Black Sea and the crisis of the mid XIVth century. An underestimated turning point." Thesaurismata 27: 65-77.
  27. Karpov, Sergej P. 2021a. "Slavery in the Black Sea Region in Venetian Notarial Sources, 14th–15th Centuries." Slavery in the Black Sea Region, c. 900–1900. Leiden: Brill, 41-59. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004470897_004
  28. Karpov, Sergej P. 2021b. Istorija Tany (Azova) v XIII-XVvv. Sankt Peterburg: Aleteja.
  29. Khazanov, Anatoly M. 1994. Nomads and the outside world. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
  30. Kim, Hodong. 2000. "The Early History of the Moghul Nomads: The Legacy of the Chaghatai Khanate." The Mongol Empire and Its Legacy. Leiden: Brill, 290-318. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004492738_021
  31. Kramarovskij, Mark G. 2017. “Pax Mongolica i problemy globalizacii kul’tury Evrazii." Zolotoordiynskaja civilizacija 10: 19-24.
  32. Lane, Frederic Chapin. 2020. Venice and history: The collected papers of Frederic C. Lane. Baltimore: JHU Press.
  33. Lattimore, Owen, 1979. "Herders, Farmers, Urban Culture." In L'Equipe ecologie et anthropologie des societes pastorales. Pastoral production and Society Proceedings of the International Meeting on Nomadic Pastoralism, Paris 1-3 Dec. 1976: 479-90. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  34. Lopez, Robert S. 1951. Nuove luci sugli italiani in Estremo Oriente prima di Colombo. Genova: Pubblicazioni del Civico Istituto Colombiano.
  35. Lopez, Roberto S. 1976. The Commercial Revolution of the Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511583933
  36. Manz, Beatrice Forbes. 1999. The rise and rule of Tamerlane. Cambridge University Press.
  37. Marin, Șerban. 2020. “’La Rotta Della Tana’ (1343): the Viewpoint of Venetian Chronicles". From Pax Mongolica to Pax Ottomanica. Cristea, Ovidiu and Pilat, Liviu (eds.): 81-112. Leiden: Brill. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004422445_006
  38. Martin, Janet. 2004. Treasure of the land of darkness: The fur trade and its significance for medieval Russia. Cambridge University Press.
  39. May, Timothy. 2013. The Mongol conquests in world history. New York: Reaktion Books.
  40. May, Timothy. Hope, Michael (eds.). 2022. The Mongol World. London: Taylor & Francis. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315165172
  41. Mirgaleev, Il’nur M. 2003. Političeskaja istorija Zolotoj Ordy perioda pravlenija Toktamyš-chana. Kazan'.
  42. Mollat, Michel. 1972. “Guerre de corse et piratérie à la fin du moyen âge”. Hansische Geschichtsblätter, 90: 1-14.
  43. Nedaškovsky, Leonard F. 2014. "Agriculture, cattle breeding and trade in the Golden Horde based on data from written sources." Terra Sebus: Acta Musei Sabesiensis: 291-303.
  44. Origo Iris. 1955. “The Domestic Enemy: The Eastern Slaves in Tuscany in the XIVth Centuries.” Speculum. XXX: 321–366. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2848074
  45. Ortalli, Gherardo. 1995. "Venice and papal bans on trade with the Levant: The role of the jurist." Mediterranean Historical Review, 10.1-2: 242-258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09518969508569696
  46. Ortalli, Gherardo. 2012. "Venezia, il papa e il sultano: trattative e contrasti nel primo Trecento." Venezia, il papa e il sultano: trattative e contrasti nel primo Trecento. Studi in onore di Massimo Miglio. A cura di De Vincentiis Amedeo: 297-308. Roma: Edizioni di storia e letteratura.
  47. Prazniak, Roxann. 2013. "Tabriz on the silk roads: Thirteenth-century Eurasian cultural connections." Asian Review of World Histories 1.2: 169-188. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12773/arwh.2013.1.2.169
  48. Predelli, Riccardo (a cura di). 1889. Diplomatarium veneto-levantinum. Sive acta et diplomata res venetas graecas atque levantis illustrantia. Vol. II: 1351-1454. Venezia: Sumptibus.
  49. Pubblici, Lorenzo. 2005. "Venezia e il Mar d'Azov: alcune considerazioni sulla Tana nel XIV secolo." Archivio storico italiano, 163-3: 435-483.
  50. Pubblici, Lorenzo. 2022a. Mongol Caucasia: Invasions, Conquest, and Government of a Frontier Region in Thirteenth-century Eurasia (1204-1295). Leiden: Brill. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004503557
  51. Pubblici, Lorenzo. 2022b. "Experiencing Alterity: Italian Merchants and Local Population in 14th Century Venetian Azov Sea. Changes and Continuity." Chronica, 20: 245-65.
  52. Sassi, Ferruccio. 1929. “La guerra di corsa e il diritto di preda secondo il diritto veneziano.” Rivista di storia del diritto italiano. 2: 99-128.
  53. Saunders, John Joseph. 2001. The history of the Mongol conquests. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  54. Snisarenko, Aleksandr B. 1990. Evpatridy udaci. Tragedija antičnich morej. Leningrad.
  55. Spufford, Peter. 1988. Money and its Use in Medieval Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511583544
  56. Stöckly, Doris. 1995. Le système de l'Incanto des galées du marché à Venise: fin XIIIe-milieu XVe siècle. Leiden: Brill. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004474178
  57. Tafel Gottlieb L.F.-Thomas, Georg M. 2012. Urkunden zur älteren Handels und Staats geschichte der Republik Venedig: mit besonderer Beziehung auf Byzanz und die Levante: vom neunten bis zum Ausgang des fünfzehnten Jahrhunderts. Amsterdam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (rist.). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139175494
  58. Talyzina, Anna A. 1995. “Neizvestnyj genuezskij dokument 1440g. o torgovoj navigacii, pirastve i korsarstve v Vostočnom Sredizemonomor’e”. Pričernomor’e v srednie veka, II: 58-67.
  59. Thiriet, Freddy. 1958. Régestes des délibérations du Sénat de Venise concernant la Romanie, vol. I: 1329-1399. Paris: Le Haye-Mouton.
  60. Thiriet, Freddy. 1959. Régestes des délibérations du Sénat de Venise concernant la Romanie, vol. II: 1400-1430. Paris: Le Haye-Mouton.
  61. Thomas, Georg M. 1880. Diplomatarium Veneto-Levantinum sive Acta et Diplomata res Venetas, Graecas atque Levantis illustrantia, vol. I: 1300–1350. Venezia: Sumptibus.
  62. Tosi, Maurizio. 1995. "Dalla tribu all'impero. Riflessioni sul Caucaso, le steppe ed i meccanismi dell'evoluzione sociale alla luce dei dati archeologici." In Il Caucaso: cerniera fra culture dal Mediterraneo alla Persia (secoli IV-XI). Settimane di Studi del Centro Italiano di Sutdi sull’Alto Medioevo, 20-26 aprile 1995: 247-274. Spoleto: CISAM.