Per una difesa comune europea. Idee kantiane sul perché non esiste, su come raggiungerla e a quale prezzo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36253/rifp-2406Parole chiave:
pace, federalismo, Kant, esercito europeo, sovranità nazionaleAbstract
L’obiettivo di giungere ad una difesa comune europea ha accompagnato il processo di integrazione della UE senza mai essere conseguito. La spiegazione di questo insuccesso sembra risiedere nella difficoltà di conciliare da una parte sovranità degli Stati membri e, dall’altra, trasferimento delle funzioni di difesa e politica estera alle istituzioni comunitarie. Usando parti di un mio recente lavoro sulla federazione kantiana (Caranti 2022), l’articolo mostra come Kant metta a disposizione le risorse necessarie per comprendere le cause profonde che impediscono questa conciliazione e il prezzo che occorrerebbe pagare, appunto in termini di sovranità degli Stati membri, per raggiungere l’obiettivo di una difesa comune. Per ottenere tali risorse occorre entrare nella questione, molto dibattuta negli studi kantiani, del perché Kant sembra, non senza ambiguità e ripensamenti, finire col preferire la soluzione di una federazione sovranazionale su quella della repubblica mondiale (il Völkerbund invece del Völkerstaat) come uno dei tre pilastri su cui poggia il suo progetto di pace perpetua. Nella prima parte si dà quindi conto di tre argomenti kantiani per preferire la soluzione del Völkerbund a quella del Völkerstaat, nella seconda si analizzano alcune critiche cosmopolitiche a tale preferenza, nella terza e quarta si risponde a tali critiche mostrando che il ‘dilemma della sovranità’ percepito da Kant non può essere aggirato nella maniera suggerita dai cosmopoliti per giungere alla conclusione che una difesa comune europea è possibile ed auspicabile ma prevede (o implica) la trasformazione dell’Unione europea da quello che è oggi, un’entità a metà strada tra confederalismo e federalismo, ad una compiuta federazione con governo centrale, vicina al sogno ricorrente degli Stati Uniti d’Europa.
Downloads
Riferimenti bibliografici
Anderson-Gold, Sharon. “Cosmopolitan Right: Kant’s Key to Perpetual Peace.” In Kant’s Perpetual Peace: New Interpretative Essays. Edited by Luigi Caranti, 137-47. Rome: Luiss University Press, 2006.
Archibugi, Daniele. “Immanuel Kant, Cosmopolitan Law, and Peace.” European Journal of International Relations 1, no. 4 (1995): 429-56.
Archibugi, Daniele. The Global Commonwealth of Citizens: Toward Cosmopolitan Democracy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008.
Archibugi, Daniele, and David Beetham. Diritti umani e democrazia cosmopolita. Milano: Feltrinelli, 1998.
Axinn, Sidney. “Kant on World Government.” In Proceedings: Sixth International Kant Congress. Edited by Gerhard Funke and Thomas M. Seebohm, 243–51. Washington, DC: University Press of America, 1989.
Bobbio, Norberto. “Introduzione.” In Per la pace perpetua, edited by I. Kant, x–xxv. Roma: Editori Riuniti, 2005.
Brito Vieira, Monica. “Introduction.” In Reclaiming Representation. Edited by Monica Brito Vieira: 1-21. London: Routledge, 2017.
Brown, Garrett Wallace. “State Sovereignty, Federation and Kantian Cosmopolitanism.” European Journal of International Relations 11, no. 4 (2005): 495–522. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066105057898.
Brown, Garrett Wallace. Grounding Cosmopolitanism: From Kant to the Idea of a Cosmopolitan Constitution. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009.
Bull, Hedley. The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics. London: Macmillan, 1977.
Byrd, B. Sharon, and Joachim Hruschka. Kant’s Doctrine of Right: A Commentary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Caranti, Luigi. “Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace? Reflections on the Realist Critique of Kant’s Project.” Journal of Human Rights 18, no. 3 (2006): 23-45.
Caranti, Luigi. “Kant’s Theory of Human Rights.” In Handbook of Human Rights. Edited by Thomas Cushman, 35-44. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
Caranti, Luigi. “The Guarantee of Perpetual Peace: Three Concerns.” In Politics and Teleology in Kant. Edited by Avery Goldman, Tatiana Patrone, and Paul Formosa, 145-62. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2014.
Caranti, Luigi. “Kantian Peace and Liberal Peace: Three Concerns.” Journal of Political Philosophy 24, no. 4 (2016): 446-69.
Caranti, Luigi. Kant’s Politics Today: Human Rights, Peace, Progress. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2017.
Caranti, Luigi. “How Cosmopolitanism Reduces Conflict: Narrow and Broad Readings of Kant’s Third Ingredient for Peace.” Journal of International Political Theory 14, no. 1 (2017): 1-18.
Caranti, Luigi. “The Kantian Federation: Two Hermeneutical Problems.” In Kant und seine Kritiker. Edited by Heiner F. Klemme and Antonino Falduto, 347-62. Hildesheim: Olms Weidemann, 2018.
Caranti, Luigi. “Kant via Rousseau against Democracy.” In Kant and the Problem of Politics in the Contemporary World. Edited by Luigi Caranti and Alessandro Pinzani. London: Routledge, 2022.
Carson, Thomas L. “Perpetual Peace: What Kant Should Have Said.” Social Theory and Practice 14, no. 2 (Summer 1988): 173-214. https://doi.org/10.5840/soctheorpract19881429
Castaldi, Roberto, ed. Immanuel Kant and Alexander Hamilton, the founders of Federalism: a political theory for our time. Bristol: Peter Lang 2013.
Cavallar, Georg. Kant and the Theory of Practice. Vienna: Böhlau, 1999.
Cavallar, Georg. The Rights of Strangers: Theories of International Hospitality. New York: Routledge, 2002.
Cavallar, Georg. Kant’s Embedded Cosmopolitanism: History, Philosophy and Education for World Citizens. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110429404
Cavallar, Georg. Kant and the Theory and Practice of International Right. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2020.
Cheneval, Francis. Philosophie in Weltbürgerlicher Bedeutung: Über die Entstehung und die Philosophischen Grundlagen des Supranationalen und Kosmopolitischen Denkens der Moderne. Basel: Schwabe, 2002.
Christiano, Thomas. “Self-Determination and the Human Right to Democracy.” In Philosophical Foundations of Human Rights. Edited by Rowan Cruft, Matthew S. Liao, and Massimo Renzo, 459-80. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
Covell, Charles. Kant and the Law of Peace: A Study in the Philosophy of Law and International Relations. Houndmills: Macmillan-Saint Martin’s Press, 1998.
Derrida, Jacques. Of Hospitality. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000.
Doyle, Michael W. “Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign Affairs (Part I).” Philosophy and Public Affairs 12, no. 3 (1983): 205-35.
Doyle, Michael W. “Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign Affairs (Part II).” Philosophy and Public Affairs 12, no. 4 (1983): 323-53.
Doyle, Michael W. Liberal Peace. Abingdon: Routledge, 2012.
Ebbinghaus, Julius. “Kants Lehre vom ewigen Frieden und die Kriegsschuldfrage.” In Gesammelte Aufsätze, Vorträge und Reden, 196-221. Hildesheim: Olms, 1968.
Eberl, Oliver, and Peter Niesen. Immanuel Kant: Zum ewigen Frieden und Auszüge aus der Rechtslehre: Kommentar. Berlin: Suhrkamp, 2011.
Ferrara, Alessandro, and Frank I. Michelman. Legitimation by Constitution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022.
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb. “Zum Ewigen Frieden: Ein Philosophischer Entwurf von Immanuel Kant.” In Sämmtliche Werke, 4 vols. Edited by Immanuel Hermann Fichte. Berlin: Veit & Comp, 1845–6.
Fleischacker, Samuel. “Values behind the Market: Kant’s Response to the Wealth of Nations.” History of Political Thought 57 (1996): 379-407.
Flikschuh, Katrin. “Kant’s Sovereignty Dilemma: A Contemporary Analysis.” The Journal of Political Philosophy 18, no. 4 (2010): 469-93. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9760.2010.00361.x
Friedrich, Carl J. Inevitable Peace. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1948.
Gallie, Walter Bryce. Philosophers of Peace and War: Kant, Clausewitz, Marx, Engels and Tolstoy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511558450
Geismann, Georg. “Kant on Eternal Peace.” In Politisches Denken Jahrbuch 1995/96. Edited by Karl Graf Ballestrem, Volker Gerhardt, Henning Ottmann, and Mrtyn P. Thompson. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, 1996. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-476-03633-9_11.
Gerhardt, Volker. Immanuel Kants Entwurf “Zum Ewigen Frieden.” Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1995.
Gilens, Martin, and Benjamin I. Page. Democracy in America? What Has Gone Wrong and What We Can Do About It. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017.
Gutmann, Amy, and Dennis Thompson. Why Deliberative Democracy? Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004.
Guyer, Paul. “The Possibility of Perpetual Peace.” In Kant’s Perpetual Peace: New Interpretative Essays. Edited by Luigi Caranti, 161-82. Rome: Luiss University Press, 2006.
Guyer, Paul. “Luigi Caranti’s Kant’s Political Legacy.” Kantian Review 24, no. 2 (2019): 275-88. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1369415419000062
Habermas, Jürgen. The Inclusion of the Other: Studies in Political Theory. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998.
Habermas, Jürgen. The Divided West. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press, 2006.
Held, David. Democracy and the Global Order. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press, 1995.
Hinsley, Francis Harry Power and Pursuit of Peace: Theory and Practice in the History of Relations between the States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1963. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511622458
Höffe, Ottried. “Völkerbund oder Weltrepublik?” In Immanuel Kant: Zum Ewigen Frieden. Edited by Ottried Höffe, 109-32. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2004.
Höffe, Ottried. Kant’s Cosmopolitan Theory of Law and Peace. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Hueglin, Thomas O. & Alan Fenna. Comparative Federalism. A Systematic Inquiry. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2015.
International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS). The Responsibility to Protect: Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre for ICISS, 2001.
Kersting, Wolfgang. „Weltfriedensordnung und globale Verteilungsgerechtigkeit: Kants Konzeption eines vollständigen Rechtsfriedens und die gegenwärtige politische Philosophie der internationalen Beziehungen.“ In Zum ewigen Frieden: Grundlagen, Aktualität und Aussichten einer Idee von Immanuel Kant. Edited by Reinhard Merkel and Ronald Wittmann, 172-212. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1996.
Kleingeld, Pauline. “Kant’s Arguments for the League of States.” In Kant’s Perpetual Peace: New Interpretative Essays. Edited by Luigi Caranti, 55-74. Rome: Luiss University Press, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0966-8373.2004.00212.x
Kleingeld, Pauline. Kant and Cosmopolitanism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139015486
Losurdo, Domenico. Autocensura e Compromesso nel Pensiero Politico di Kant. Naples: Istituto Italiano per gli Studi Filosofici, Bibliopolis, 1983.
Ludwig, Bernd. “Condemned to Peace: What Does Nature Guarantee in Kant’s Treatise of Eternal Peace?” In Kant’s Perpetual Peace: New Interpretative Essays. Edited by Luigi Caranti, 183-95. Rome: Luiss University Press, 2006.
Lutz-Bachmann Matthias. “Kant’s Idea of Peace and the Philosophical Conception of a World Republic.” In Perpetual Peace: Essays on Kant’s Cosmopolitan Ideal. Edited by James Bohman & Matthias Lutz-Bachman, 59-77. Cambridge, MA: MIT University Press, 1997.
MacMillan, John. “A Kantian Protest Against the Peculiar Discourse of Inter-Liberal State Peace.” Millennium 24, no. 3 (1995): 549-62. https://doi.org/10.1177/03058298950240030301
Majone, Giandomenico. Europe As the Would-Be World Power: The EU at Fifty. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Manin, Bernard. The Principles of Representative Government. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511659935
Marini, Giuliano. “Il diritto cosmopolitico nel progetto kantiano per la pace perpetua con particolare riferimento al secondo articolo definitivo.” In Tre studi sul cosmopolitismo, 25-39. Pisa: Istituti Editoriali e Poligrafici Internazionali, 1998.
Marini, Giuliano. “Per una repubblica federale mondiale.” In La filosofia politica di Kant: Seminario perugino per lo studio dei classici. A cura di Giulio M. Chiodi, Giuliano Marini e Roberto Gatti, 19-34. Milano: FrancoAngeli, 2001.
Mikalsen, K. Kyartan. “Kantian Republicanism in the International Sphere: Equal Sovereignty As a Condition of Global Justice.” In Kant’s Cosmopolitics: Contemporary Issues and Global Debates. Edited by Garrett Wallace Brown & Áron Telegdi-Csetri, 15–26. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780748695508-006
Moro, Domenico. Verso la difesa europea. L’Europa e il nuovo ordine mondiale. Bologna: Il Mulino 2018.
Mori, Massimo. La pace e la ragione. Kant e le relazioni internazionali: diritto, politica, storia. Bologna: il Mulino, 2008.
Mulholland, Leslie A. „Kant on War and International Justice.“ Kant Studien 78 (1987): 25-41. DOI: 10.1515/kant.1987.78.1-4.25.
Nida-Rümelin, Julian. „Ewiger Friede zwischen Moralismus und Hobbesianismus.“ In Zum Ewiger Frieden: Grundlagen, Aktualität und Aussichten einer Idee von Immanuel Kant. Edited by Reinhard Merkel and Ronald Wittmann, 239-55. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1996.
Philonenko, Alexis. “Kant et le problème de la paix.” In Essais sur la philosophie de la guerre, 26-42. Paris: Vrin, 1988.
Pinzani, Alessandro. “Representation in Kant’s Political Theory.” In Jahrbuch für Recht und Ethik 16, 203-26. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2008.
Pitkin, Hanna F. The Concept of Representation. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967.
Pogge, Thomas. “Kant’s Vision, Europe, and a Global Federation.” In Kant’s Perpetual Peace: New Interpretative Essays. Edited by Luigi Caranti, 75–96. Rome: LUISS University Press, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444308488.ch9
Rawls, John. The Law of Peoples. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.
Ripstein, Arthur. Force and Freedom. Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield, 2009.
Ripstein, Arthur. “Just War, Regular War, and Perpetual Peace.” Kant-Studien 107, no. 1 (2016): 179-95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/kant-2016-0009.
Ripstein, Arthur. Rules for Wrongdoers: Law, Morality, War. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.
Roff, Heather M. Global Justice, Kant and the Responsibility to Protect: A Provisional Duty. London: Routledge, 2015.
Rosato, Sebastian. “Europe’s Troubles: Power Politics and the State of the European Project.” International Security 35, no. 4 (2011): 45-86. https://doi.org/10.1162/ISEC_a_00035
Rosen, Allen D. Kant’s Theory of Justice. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993.
Rosenbaum, David E. “A Closer Look at Cheney and Halliburton.” The New York Times, September 28, 2004. https://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/28/us/a-closer-look-at-cheney-and-halliburton.html (ultimo accesso: 13/07/2024).
Russett, Bruce. “Bushwhacking the Democratic Peace.” International Studies Perspectives 6, no. 4 (2005): 395-408. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-3577.2005.00217.x
Ruyssen, Théodore. “Les origines kantiennes de la société Des nations.” Revue de Métaphysique et de Morale 31, no. 2 (1924): 355-71.
Taraborrelli, Angela. “Reflections on Kant’s Third Definitive Article of ‘Perpetual Peace’.” In Kant’s Perpetual Peace: New Interpretative Essays. Edited by Luigi Caranti, 133-42. Rome: LUISS University Press, 2006.
Tesòn, Fernando. “The Kantian Theory of International Law.” Columbia Law Review 53 (1992): 53-102.
Thompson, Kevin. “Sovereignty, hospitality, and commerce: Kant and cosmopolitan right.” Jahrbuch fur Recht und Ethik 16 (2008): 305-19.
Urbinati, Nadia. “Representation as Advocacy: A Study of Democratic Deliberation.” Political Theory 28, no. 6 (2000): 758-86. https://doi.org/10.1177/0090591700028006003
Williams, Howard. Kant’s Political Philosophy. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1986. https://doi.org/10.1086/292644
Williams, Howard. “Kant’s Optimism in his Social and Political Theory.” In Essays on Kant’s Political Philosophy. Edited by Howard Williams, 1-14. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1992.
Waldron, Jeremy. “What is Cosmopolitan?” Journal of Political Philosophy 8, no. 2 (2000): 227-43. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9760.00100
Wood, Allen. “Kant’s Project for Perpetual Peace.” In Proceedings of the Eighth International Kant Congress, Vol. 1. Edited by Hoke Robinson, 3-18. Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Press, 1995. https://doi.org/10.5840/kant199519951Part12
##submission.downloads##
Pubblicato
Come citare
Fascicolo
Sezione
Licenza
Copyright (c) 2024 Luigi Caranti
TQuesto lavoro è fornito con la licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione 4.0 Internazionale.
