Molecular phylogeny and morphometric analyses in the genus Cousinia Cass. (Family Asteraceae), sections Cynaroideae Bunge and Platyacanthae Rech. f.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36253/caryologia-1114Keywords:
Cousinia, Cynaroideae, ITS, Phylogeny, PlatyacanthaeAbstract
Taxonomy and molecular phylogeny of the genus Cousinia are complicated and unresolved mainly because of disagreement between morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies. The genus Cousinia has approximately 700 species, which makes it one of the most varied genera found in central and southwest Asia. Section Cynaroideae, containing 89 species, is considered the largest section of the genus. Identification and delineation as well as classifying the section and the species’ relationships within the genus Cousinia generally remain debatable. Therefore, the present study aims to: 1) identify and delineate the species within the two sections Cynaroideae and Platyacanthae; 2) study the species relationships based on both morphological and molecular features (Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) marker); 3) study the sectional delimitation and its monophyly; and 4) estimate the divergence time of the studied sections. To this end, 50 Cousinia species occurring in Iran were investigated for the first time. A maximum parsimony tree of the morphological features separated the species of the two sections from each other. However, the ITS-based phylogenetic tree did not delimit the two studied sections. The relationships among the studied Cousinia species in the genetic trees were generally not congruent with the obtained morphological tree. The divergence time of the studied species within the Cynaroideae and Platyacanthae sections determined using Bayesian Evolutionary Analysis Sampling Trees (BEAST) was estimated to be around 3.5 million years ago (Mya).
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References
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Assadi M (2009) Four new species of the genus Cousinia Cass. (Asteraceae) from Iran. Iran J Bot 15 (1): 36-44
Asaadi M, Mehregan I (2017) Flora of Iran: (Asteraceae: Cousinia). Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, Iran
Attar F (2000) The systematic studies of Cousinia (Asteraceae) sect. Cynaroideae in Iran. Dissertation, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
Attar F, Mirtadzadini M (2009) Two new species of Cousinia Cass. sect. Pugioniferae Bunge (Asteraceae, Cardueae), from east and southeast of Iran. Iran J Bot 15 (2): 146-152
Attar F, Ghahreman A (2006) A synopsis of sect. Cynaroides (Cousinia, Compositae), distribution patterns and diversity centers. Rostaniha 7 (2): 315-342
Attar F, Djavadi SB (2010) A taxonomic revision of Cousinia, sect. Cynaroides (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in the flora of Iran. Iran J Bot 16 (1): 130-184
Baldwin BG (1992) Phylogenetic utility of the internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA in plants: an example from the Compositae. Mol Phylogenet Evol 1: 3-16
Boisser E (1875) Cousinia in Flora Orientalis. Vol. 3. H. Georg, Genevae, pp 458- 513
Chen X, Shen S, Guo L, Mao SS (2010) Semiconductor-based photocatalytic hydrogen generation. Chem rev 110: 6503-6570
De Candolle AP (1837) Cousinia in Prodromus Systematicis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis. Vol. 6. Parisiis, pp 552- 557
Dehghani M, Djamali M, Gandouin E, Akhani H (2017) A pollen rain-vegetation study along a 3600 m mountain-desert transect in the Irano-Turanian region; implications for the reliability of some pollen ratios as moisture indicators. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 247: 133–148
Djamali M, Baumel A, Brewer S, Jackson ST, Kadereit JW, Lopez-Vinyallonga S, Mehregan I, Shabanian E, Simakova A (2012) Ecological implications of Cousinia Cass. (Asteraceae) persistence through the last two glacial–interglacial cycles in the continental Middle East for the Irano-Turanian flora. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 172: 10-20
Djavadi SB, Attar F, Eskandari M (2007) Cousinia papilosa, a new species from eastern Iran, Including chromosome count and palynological studies. Rostaniha 8 (2).
Drummond AJ, Rambaut A, Xie W (2012a) BEAUti version 1.6.1 [computer program]. http://beast.bio.ed.ac.uk
Drummond AJ, Rambaut A, Suchard MA (2012b) BEAST version 1.6.1 [computer program]. http://beast.bio.ed.ac.uk
Feliner GN, Rosselo JA (2007) Better the devil you know? Guidelines for insightful utilization of nrDNA ITS in species-level evolutionary studies in plants. Mol Phylogenet Evol 44 (2): 911-919 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2007.01.013
Felsenstein J (1985) Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39: 783–791
Frodin DG (2004) History and concepts of big plant genera. Taxon 53 (3): 753-776
Galtier N (2019) Delineating species in the speciation continuum: A proposal. Evol Appl 12: 657- 663
Ghaffari SM, Garcia-Jacas N, Susanna A (2006) New chromosome counts in the genus Cousinia (Asteraceae) from Iran. Bot J Linn Soc 151: 411-419
Haffner E (2000) On the phylogeny of the subtribe Carduinae (tribe Cardueae, Compositae). Englera 21
Hammer Q, Harper DAT, Ryan PD (2012) PAST: Paleontological Statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontol Electron 4 (9)
Hong SWP, Jury SL (2011) Phylogeny and divergence times inferred from rps16 sequence data analyses for Tricyrtis (Liliaceae), an endemic genus of north-east Asia. AoB Plants. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plr025 plr025
Huber-Morath A (1975) Cousinia in: Davis P. H. (ed) Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, Vol. 5. Ediburgh University Press, pp 329-353
Knapp HD (1987) On the distribution of the genus Cousinia (Compositae). Plant Syst Evol 155: 15-25
Lopez-Vinyallonga S, Mehregan I, Garcia-Jacas N, Tscherneva O, Susanna A, Kadereit JW (2009) Phylogeny and evolution of the Arctium-cousinia complex (compositae, cardueae-caruinae). Taxon 58: 153-171
Mabberley DJ (2018) The plant book. Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
Mehregan I (2008) Systematics, phylogeny and biogeography of Cousinia-Asteraceae. Dissertation, Universitat Mainz, Fachbreich Biologie der Johannes Gutenberg
Mehregan I (2011) Notes on the taxonomy of Cousinia sec. Haussknechtianae (Asteraceae; Cardueae). Iran J Bot 17: 137–149
Mehregan I, Assadi M (2009) Cousinia sect. Argenteae (Asteraceae, Cardueae), a new section including a new species from NE Iran. Willdenowia 39: 265-271
Mehregan I, Assadi M (2016) A synopsis of Cousinia sect. Pseudactinia (Cardueae, Asteraceae) including a new species from NE Iran. Phytotaxa 257(3): 271. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.257.3.5
Mehregan I, Kadereit JW (2008) Taxonomic revision of Cousinia sect. Cynaroideae (Asteraceae, Cardueae). Wildenowia 38: 293-362
Mehregan I, Kadereit JW (2009) The role of hybridization in the evolution of Cousinia s.str. (Asteraceae, Cardueae). Willdenowia 39(1): 35-47
Minaeifar A, Sheidai M, Attar F, Noormohammadi Z, Ghasemzadeh-Baraki S (2016) Biosystematic study in the genus Cousinia Cass. (Asteraceae), section Cousinia. Biochem Syst Ecol 69: 252-260
Murray MG, Thompson WF (1980) Rapid isolation of high molecular weight plant DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 8: 4321-4325
Nee S (2006) Birth-death models in macroevolution. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 37: 1-17
Podani J (2000) Introduction to the Exploration of Multivariate Data. Backhuyes, Leiden, pp 407
Rambaut A, Drummond AJ (2007) Tracer v1.5. http://beast.bio.ed.ac.uk/Tracer
Rambaut A (2009) FigTree Version 1.3.1 [computer Program]. http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk
Rastegar A, Ahmad SA, Attar F (2017) Cousinia azmarensis (Asteraceae, Cardueae), a New Species from Kurdistan, Iraq. Harv Pap Bot 22(1): 71-73
Rastegar A, Attar F, Mirtadzadini M (2018) Novelties in Iranian Cousinia sect. Cynaroideae (Asteraceae, Cardueae): new taxa and taxonomic notes. Phytotaxa 343(3): 227-239. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.343.3.3
Rechinger KH (1972) Compositae-Cynareae I. Cousinia. in: Rechinger KH (ed) Flora Iranica, No. 90. Graz, Austria, pp 1-329
Rechinger KH (1979) Compositae III-Cynareae. Cousinia. in: Rechinger KH (ed) Flora Iranica, No. 139. Graz, Austria, pp 108-153
Rechinger KH (1986) Cousinia: morphology, taxonomy, distribution and phytogeographical implication. Proc R Soc Edinb 89 B: 45-58.
Sajjadi SE, Ghanadian M, Haghighi M, Muhebat L (2015) Cytotoxic effect of Cousinia verbascifolia Bunge against OVCAR-3 and HT-29 cancer cells. J HerbMed Pharmacol 4(1):15-19
Shahverdi AR, Khorramizadeh MR, Attar F, Saadat F, Vahid S, Ghahraman A (2007) Concomitant chemopreventive and antibacterial effects of some Iranian plants from the genus Cousinia (Asteraceae). Rev Bras Farmacogn 17: 325-30
Sheidai M, Zanganeh S, Haji- Ramezanali R, Nouroozi M, Noormohammadi Z, Ghasemzadeh-Baraki S (2013) Genetic diversity and population structure of 38 populations in four Cirsium L. (Asteraceae) species. Biologia 68(3): 384-397
Susanna A, Garcia-Jacas N, Vilatersana R, Garnatje T (2003) Generic boundaries and evolution of characters in the Arctium group: a nuclear and chloroplast DNA analysis. Collect Bot (Barcelona) 26: 101-118
Susanna A, Garcia-Jacas N (2007) Tribe Cardueae Cass. 1819. In: Kadereit JW, Jeffrey C (ed) The families and genera of vascular plants, Flowering plant, Eudicots, Asterales, Vol. 8. Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp 123-147
Swofford DL (2002) PAUP*: Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony and other methods, Version 4. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA, USA
Tamura K, Nei M (1993) Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees. Mol Biol Evol 10(3): 512-526
Tamura K, Peterson D, Peterson N, Stecher G, Nei M, Kumar S (2011) MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol Biol Evol 28: 2731-2739
Tamura K, Battistuzzi FU, Billing- Ross P, Murillo O, Filipski A, Kumar S (2012) Estimating divergence times in large molecular phylogenies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109(47): 19333-19338
Tscherneva OV (1962) Compositae- Cousinia in: Shishkin BK, Bobrov EG (ed) Flora SSSR, 27. Moscow and Leningrad [English translation: Enfield. 1993], pp 108-357
Winkler C (1892) Synopsis specierum generic Cousinia Cass. Trudy Imp S Peterburgsk Bot Sada 12 (2): 181-286
Winkler C (1897) Mantissa synopsis specierum generic Cousinia Cass. Trudy Imp S Peterburgsk Bot Sada 14 (2): 187-243
Zare M, Khosravi AR, Joharchi MR (2013) Distribution patterns of the genus Cousinia (Asteraceae) in Iran. Iran J Bot 19 (1): 127-141
Zhang Q, Feild TS, Antonelli A (2015) Assessing the impact of phylogenetic incongruence on taxonomy, floral evolution, biogeographical history, and phylogenetic diversity. Am J Bot 102(4): 566-580
Assadi M (2009) Four new species of the genus Cousinia Cass. (Asteraceae) from Iran. Iran J Bot 15 (1): 36-44
Asaadi M, Mehregan I (2017) Flora of Iran: (Asteraceae: Cousinia). Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, Iran
Attar F (2000) The systematic studies of Cousinia (Asteraceae) sect. Cynaroideae in Iran. Dissertation, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
Attar F, Mirtadzadini M (2009) Two new species of Cousinia Cass. sect. Pugioniferae Bunge (Asteraceae, Cardueae), from east and southeast of Iran. Iran J Bot 15 (2): 146-152
Attar F, Ghahreman A (2006) A synopsis of sect. Cynaroides (Cousinia, Compositae), distribution patterns and diversity centers. Rostaniha 7 (2): 315-342
Attar F, Djavadi SB (2010) A taxonomic revision of Cousinia, sect. Cynaroides (Asteraceae, Cardueae) in the flora of Iran. Iran J Bot 16 (1): 130-184
Baldwin BG (1992) Phylogenetic utility of the internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA in plants: an example from the Compositae. Mol Phylogenet Evol 1: 3-16
Boisser E (1875) Cousinia in Flora Orientalis. Vol. 3. H. Georg, Genevae, pp 458- 513
Chen X, Shen S, Guo L, Mao SS (2010) Semiconductor-based photocatalytic hydrogen generation. Chem rev 110: 6503-6570
De Candolle AP (1837) Cousinia in Prodromus Systematicis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis. Vol. 6. Parisiis, pp 552- 557
Dehghani M, Djamali M, Gandouin E, Akhani H (2017) A pollen rain-vegetation study along a 3600 m mountain-desert transect in the Irano-Turanian region; implications for the reliability of some pollen ratios as moisture indicators. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 247: 133–148
Djamali M, Baumel A, Brewer S, Jackson ST, Kadereit JW, Lopez-Vinyallonga S, Mehregan I, Shabanian E, Simakova A (2012) Ecological implications of Cousinia Cass. (Asteraceae) persistence through the last two glacial–interglacial cycles in the continental Middle East for the Irano-Turanian flora. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 172: 10-20
Djavadi SB, Attar F, Eskandari M (2007) Cousinia papilosa, a new species from eastern Iran, Including chromosome count and palynological studies. Rostaniha 8 (2).
Drummond AJ, Rambaut A, Xie W (2012a) BEAUti version 1.6.1 [computer program]. http://beast.bio.ed.ac.uk
Drummond AJ, Rambaut A, Suchard MA (2012b) BEAST version 1.6.1 [computer program]. http://beast.bio.ed.ac.uk
Feliner GN, Rosselo JA (2007) Better the devil you know? Guidelines for insightful utilization of nrDNA ITS in species-level evolutionary studies in plants. Mol Phylogenet Evol 44 (2): 911-919 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2007.01.013
Felsenstein J (1985) Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39: 783–791
Frodin DG (2004) History and concepts of big plant genera. Taxon 53 (3): 753-776
Galtier N (2019) Delineating species in the speciation continuum: A proposal. Evol Appl 12: 657- 663
Ghaffari SM, Garcia-Jacas N, Susanna A (2006) New chromosome counts in the genus Cousinia (Asteraceae) from Iran. Bot J Linn Soc 151: 411-419
Haffner E (2000) On the phylogeny of the subtribe Carduinae (tribe Cardueae, Compositae). Englera 21
Hammer Q, Harper DAT, Ryan PD (2012) PAST: Paleontological Statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontol Electron 4 (9)
Hong SWP, Jury SL (2011) Phylogeny and divergence times inferred from rps16 sequence data analyses for Tricyrtis (Liliaceae), an endemic genus of north-east Asia. AoB Plants. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plr025 plr025
Huber-Morath A (1975) Cousinia in: Davis P. H. (ed) Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, Vol. 5. Ediburgh University Press, pp 329-353
Knapp HD (1987) On the distribution of the genus Cousinia (Compositae). Plant Syst Evol 155: 15-25
Lopez-Vinyallonga S, Mehregan I, Garcia-Jacas N, Tscherneva O, Susanna A, Kadereit JW (2009) Phylogeny and evolution of the Arctium-cousinia complex (compositae, cardueae-caruinae). Taxon 58: 153-171
Mabberley DJ (2018) The plant book. Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
Mehregan I (2008) Systematics, phylogeny and biogeography of Cousinia-Asteraceae. Dissertation, Universitat Mainz, Fachbreich Biologie der Johannes Gutenberg
Mehregan I (2011) Notes on the taxonomy of Cousinia sec. Haussknechtianae (Asteraceae; Cardueae). Iran J Bot 17: 137–149
Mehregan I, Assadi M (2009) Cousinia sect. Argenteae (Asteraceae, Cardueae), a new section including a new species from NE Iran. Willdenowia 39: 265-271
Mehregan I, Assadi M (2016) A synopsis of Cousinia sect. Pseudactinia (Cardueae, Asteraceae) including a new species from NE Iran. Phytotaxa 257(3): 271. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.257.3.5
Mehregan I, Kadereit JW (2008) Taxonomic revision of Cousinia sect. Cynaroideae (Asteraceae, Cardueae). Wildenowia 38: 293-362
Mehregan I, Kadereit JW (2009) The role of hybridization in the evolution of Cousinia s.str. (Asteraceae, Cardueae). Willdenowia 39(1): 35-47
Minaeifar A, Sheidai M, Attar F, Noormohammadi Z, Ghasemzadeh-Baraki S (2016) Biosystematic study in the genus Cousinia Cass. (Asteraceae), section Cousinia. Biochem Syst Ecol 69: 252-260
Murray MG, Thompson WF (1980) Rapid isolation of high molecular weight plant DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 8: 4321-4325
Nee S (2006) Birth-death models in macroevolution. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 37: 1-17
Podani J (2000) Introduction to the Exploration of Multivariate Data. Backhuyes, Leiden, pp 407
Rambaut A, Drummond AJ (2007) Tracer v1.5. http://beast.bio.ed.ac.uk/Tracer
Rambaut A (2009) FigTree Version 1.3.1 [computer Program]. http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk
Rastegar A, Ahmad SA, Attar F (2017) Cousinia azmarensis (Asteraceae, Cardueae), a New Species from Kurdistan, Iraq. Harv Pap Bot 22(1): 71-73
Rastegar A, Attar F, Mirtadzadini M (2018) Novelties in Iranian Cousinia sect. Cynaroideae (Asteraceae, Cardueae): new taxa and taxonomic notes. Phytotaxa 343(3): 227-239. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.343.3.3
Rechinger KH (1972) Compositae-Cynareae I. Cousinia. in: Rechinger KH (ed) Flora Iranica, No. 90. Graz, Austria, pp 1-329
Rechinger KH (1979) Compositae III-Cynareae. Cousinia. in: Rechinger KH (ed) Flora Iranica, No. 139. Graz, Austria, pp 108-153
Rechinger KH (1986) Cousinia: morphology, taxonomy, distribution and phytogeographical implication. Proc R Soc Edinb 89 B: 45-58.
Sajjadi SE, Ghanadian M, Haghighi M, Muhebat L (2015) Cytotoxic effect of Cousinia verbascifolia Bunge against OVCAR-3 and HT-29 cancer cells. J HerbMed Pharmacol 4(1):15-19
Shahverdi AR, Khorramizadeh MR, Attar F, Saadat F, Vahid S, Ghahraman A (2007) Concomitant chemopreventive and antibacterial effects of some Iranian plants from the genus Cousinia (Asteraceae). Rev Bras Farmacogn 17: 325-30
Sheidai M, Zanganeh S, Haji- Ramezanali R, Nouroozi M, Noormohammadi Z, Ghasemzadeh-Baraki S (2013) Genetic diversity and population structure of 38 populations in four Cirsium L. (Asteraceae) species. Biologia 68(3): 384-397
Susanna A, Garcia-Jacas N, Vilatersana R, Garnatje T (2003) Generic boundaries and evolution of characters in the Arctium group: a nuclear and chloroplast DNA analysis. Collect Bot (Barcelona) 26: 101-118
Susanna A, Garcia-Jacas N (2007) Tribe Cardueae Cass. 1819. In: Kadereit JW, Jeffrey C (ed) The families and genera of vascular plants, Flowering plant, Eudicots, Asterales, Vol. 8. Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp 123-147
Swofford DL (2002) PAUP*: Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony and other methods, Version 4. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA, USA
Tamura K, Nei M (1993) Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees. Mol Biol Evol 10(3): 512-526
Tamura K, Peterson D, Peterson N, Stecher G, Nei M, Kumar S (2011) MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol Biol Evol 28: 2731-2739
Tamura K, Battistuzzi FU, Billing- Ross P, Murillo O, Filipski A, Kumar S (2012) Estimating divergence times in large molecular phylogenies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109(47): 19333-19338
Tscherneva OV (1962) Compositae- Cousinia in: Shishkin BK, Bobrov EG (ed) Flora SSSR, 27. Moscow and Leningrad [English translation: Enfield. 1993], pp 108-357
Winkler C (1892) Synopsis specierum generic Cousinia Cass. Trudy Imp S Peterburgsk Bot Sada 12 (2): 181-286
Winkler C (1897) Mantissa synopsis specierum generic Cousinia Cass. Trudy Imp S Peterburgsk Bot Sada 14 (2): 187-243
Zare M, Khosravi AR, Joharchi MR (2013) Distribution patterns of the genus Cousinia (Asteraceae) in Iran. Iran J Bot 19 (1): 127-141
Zhang Q, Feild TS, Antonelli A (2015) Assessing the impact of phylogenetic incongruence on taxonomy, floral evolution, biogeographical history, and phylogenetic diversity. Am J Bot 102(4): 566-580
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2022-03-08
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Atazadeh, N., Sheidai, M. ., Attar, F. ., & Koohdar, F. (2022). Molecular phylogeny and morphometric analyses in the genus Cousinia Cass. (Family Asteraceae), sections Cynaroideae Bunge and Platyacanthae Rech. f. Caryologia, 74(4), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.36253/caryologia-1114
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