Investigation of benzyl benzoate toxicity with anatomical, physiological, cytogenetic and biochemical parameters in in vivo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.13128/caryologia-167Keywords:
benzyl benzoate, Allium cepa L., toxicity, chromosomal abnormalities, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymesAbstract
In this study, the toxic effects of benzyl benzoate, which is widely used in the food, cosmetics, agriculture and pharmaceutical sectors, have been investigated using Allium cepa L. test material. In the determination of toxicity, physiological parameters with determination of root lengths, weight gains and germination percentages; cytogenetic changes with determination of chromosomal abnormalities formation, micronucleus (MN) frequency and mitotic index ratio (MI); anatomical changes with determination of anatomical differentiations in root tip cells; biochemical changes with lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme analysis were determined and the obtained data were evaluated statistically. The bulbs were divided into four groups consisting of one control and three application groups, bulbs of the control group were treated with tap water and the bulbs of the application groups were treated with Benzyl benzoate at doses of 10,000, 25,000 and 50,000 mg/L for 72 hours. At the end of the study, it was determined that germination percentage, weight gain and root length and MI ratio decreased, chromosomal abnormalities, MN formation, MDA, SOD and CAT levels increased dose-dependent in the application groups when compared with the control group. Depending on the application, it has been determined that root cells have chromosomal abnormalities such as fragments, sticky chromosomes, chromosome bridges, unequal distribution of chromatins and c-mitosis. Furthermore, when compared with the control group, it was determined that benzyl benzoate administration caused anatomical changes in root tip cells. It was determined that these changes were in the form of necrosis, cell deformation, flattened cell nuclei, cortex cell deformation, accumulation of certain substances in cortex cells, wall thickening in cortex cells and unclear vascular tissue. In conclusion, it was determined by physiological, anatomical, cytogenetic and biochemical parameters that benzyl benzoate showed a dose-dependent toxic effect in Allium cepa L. root cells. Also, the parameters used in the study were determined to be useful biomarkers for the determination of toxicity.
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References
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Alam G, Jones BC. 2014. Toxicogenetics: in search of host susceptibility to environmental toxicants. Front Genet. 5: 1-5.
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Ash M, Ash I. 2004. Handbook of preservatives. Newyork: Synapse Information Resources; p. 292-293.
Beauchamp C, Fridovich I. 1971. Superoxide dismutase: improved assays and an assay applicable to acrylamide gels. Anal Biochem. 44(1): 276-287.
Beers RF, Sizer IW. 1952. Colorimetric method for estimation of catalase. J Biol Chem. 195: 133–139.
B?çakc? U, Çavu?o?lu K, Yapar K, Acar A, Yalç?n E. 2017. The investigation of diazinon toxicity in root tip cells of Allium cepa (Onion) L. I?d?r Univ J Inst Sci Tech. 7(3):49-56. Turkish.
Bidlan R, Afsar M, Manonmani HK. 2004. Bioremediation of HCH-contaminated soil: elimination of inhibitory effects of the insecticide on radish and green gram seed germination. Chemosphere. 56(8): 803-811.
Buckley DA. 2007. Fragrance ingredient labelling in products on sale in the UK. Br J Dermatol. 157(2): 295-300.
Campbell WC, Rew RS 1986. Chemotherapy of parasitic diseases. New York (NY): Plenum Press.
Comporti M. 1993. Lipid peroxidation. Biopathological significance. Mol Aspects Med. 14(3): 199-207.
Çavu?o?lu K, Kaya A, Yilmaz F, Yalçin E. 2012a. Effects of cypermethrin on Allium cepa. Environ Toxicol. 27(10): 583-589.
Çavu?o?lu K, Yalç?n E, Türkmen Z, Yapar K, Çavu?o?lu K, Çiçek F. 2011. Investigation of toxic effects of the glyphosate on Allium cepa. J Agric Sci. 17:131-142.
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Dinakar C, Abhaypratap V, Yearla SR, Raghavendra AS, Padmasree K. 2010. Importance of ROS and antioxidant system during the beneficial interactions of mitochondrial metabolism with photosynthetic carbon assimilation. Planta. 231(2): 461-474.
Dönbak L, Rencüzogullari E, Topaktas M. 2002. The cytogenetic effects of the food additive boric acid in Allium cepa L.. Cytologia. 67(2): 153-157.
Erkmen O, Bozoglu TF 2008. Food microbiology: Food preservation. Vol. 3. Ankara: ?lke Yay?nevi.
Fatma F, Verma S, Kamal A, Srivastava A. 2018. Phytotoxicity of pesticides mancozeb and chlorpyrifos: correlation with the antioxidative defence system in Allium cepa. Physiol Mol Biol Plants. 24(1): 115-123.
Fenech M, Chang WP, Kirsch-Volders M, Holland N, Bonassi S, Zeiger E. 2003. HUMN project: detailed description of the scoring criteria for the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay using isolated human lymphocyte cultures. Mutat Res. 534(1): 65-75.
Fenech, M. 2010. The lymphocyte cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay and its application in radiation biodosimetry. Health Phys. 98(2): 234-243.
Fiskesjö G. 1985. The Allium-test as a standard in environmental monitoring. Hereditas. 102(1): 99-112.
Gomes KMS, Oliveira MVGA, Carvalho FRS., Menezes CC, Peron AP. 2013. Citotoxicity of food dyes sunset yellow (E-110), Bordeaux red (E-123), and tatrazine yellow (E-102) on Allium cepa L. root meristematic cells. Food Sci. Technol. 33(1): 218-223.
Grant WF. 1982. Chromosome aberration assays in Allium: A report of the US Environmental Protection Agency gene-tox program. Mutat Res. 99(3): 273-291.
Habif TP 2016. Clinical dermatology a color guide to diagnosis and treatment. 6th edition. Philadelphia (PA): Elsevier.
Hassan MM, Mossa JS. 1981. Benzyl benzoate. In: Brittain HG, editor. Analytical profiles of drug substances. Vol. 10. New York: Academic Press; p. 55-74.
Hayes WJ, Laws ER 1991. Handbook of pesticide toxicology. Vol. 3, Classes of pesticides. New York (NY): Academic Press.
Janero DR. 1990. Malondialdehyde and thiobarbituric acid-reactivity as diagnostic indices of lipid peroxidation and peroxidative tissue injury. Free Radic Biol and Med. 9(6): 515-540.
Jantan IB, Yalvema MF, Ahmad NW, Jamal JA. 2005. Insecticidal activities of the leaf oils of eight Cinnamomum. species against Aedes aegypti. and Aedes albopictus. Pharm Biol. 43(6): 526-532.
Kamm O, Kamm WF. 1941. Benzyl benzoate. In: Kende AS, Freeman JP, editors. Organic synthesis, Vol 1. New York: Wiley.
Kar, A. 2003. Pharmacognosy and pharmacobiotechnology. New Delhi: New Age International.
Koç K, Pandir D. 2018. All aspect of toxic effect of brilliant blue and sunset yellow in Allium cepa roots. Cytotechnology. 70(1):449-463.
Liu D, Jiang W, Wang W, Zhai L. 1995. Evaluation of metal ion toxicity on root tip cells by the Allium test. Is J Plant Sci. 43(2): 125-133.
Liu D, Zou J, Meng Q, Zou J, Jiang W. 2009. Uptake and accumulation and oxidative stress in garlic (Allium sativum L.) under lead phytotoxicity. Ecotoxicology. 18(1): 134-143.
McDonald LG, Tovey E. 1993. The effectiveness of benzyl benzoate and some essential plant oils as laundry additives for killing house dust mites. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 92(5): 771-772.
Micali G, Lacarrubba F. 2016. Dermatoscopy in clinical practice: beyond pigmented lesions. Florida: CRC Press; p. 21-22.
Njagi GDE, Gopalan HNB. 1982. Cytogenetic effects of the food preservatives-sodium benzoate and sodium sulphite on Vicia faba root meristems. Mutat Res. 102(3): 213-219.
Odjegba VJ, Adeniran RA. 2015. Bentazone herbicide induces genotoxic effect and physiological disorders in non-targeted Allium cepa L.. Indian J Plant Physiol. 20(4): 375-379.
Patnaik AR, Achary VMM, Panda BB. 2013. Chromium (VI)-induced hormesis and genotoxicity are mediated through oxidative stress in root cells of Allium cepa L.. Plant Growth Regul. 71(2): 157-170.
Qian XW. 2004. Mutagenic effects of chromium trioxide on root tip cells of Vicia faba. J Zhejiang Univ Sci. 5(12): 1570–1576.
Rameshkumar KB, George V. 2006. Cinnamomum sulphuratum Nees—a benzyl benzoate-rich new chemotype from southern western ghats, India. J Essent Oil Res. 18(5): 521-522.
Rencüzo?ullar? E, Kayrald?z A, Ila HB, Çakmak T, Topakta? M. 2001. The cytogenetic effects of sodium metabisulfite, a food preservative in root tip cells of Allium cepa L.. Turkish J Biol. 25(4):361-370.
Searle R. 1995. Population growth, resource consumption, and the environment seeking a common vision for a troubled world. Canada: Wilfrid Laurier Univ Press.
Shah K, Kumar RG, Verma S, Dubey RS. 2001. Effect of cadmium on lipid peroxidation, superoxide anion generation and activities of antioxidant enzymes in growing rice seedlings. Plant Sci. 161(6): 1135-1144.
Singh P, Srivastava AK, Singh AK. 2007. Comparative sensitivity of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to insecticide and fungicide on different stages of cell cycle. Pest Biochem Physiol. 89(3): 216-219.
Singh Z. 2017. Toxicological Assessment of Tartrazine on Seed Germination Capacity of Vigna radiata (L.). IJLST. 10(8): 75-78.
Staykova TA, Ivanova EN, Velcheva IG. 2005. Cytogenetic effect of heavy metal and cyanide in contamined waters from the region of Southwest Bulgaria. J Cell Mol Biol. 4(1): 41-46.
Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR 2009. WHO model formulary 2008. Geneva: World Health Organization; p. 311-312.
Teixeira RO, Camparoto ML, Mantovani MS, Vicentini VEP. 2003. Assesment of two medicinal plants Psidium guajava L. and Achillea millefolium L., in in vitro and in vivo assays, Genet Mol Biol. 26(4): 551-555.
Türko?lu ?. 2007. Genotoxicity of five food preservatives tested on root tips of Allium cepa L. Mutat Res. 626(1): 4-14.
Ünyayar S, Çelik A, Çekiç FÖ, Gözel A. 2006. Cadmium-induced genotoxicity, cytotoxicity and lipid peroxidation in Allium sativum and Vicia faba. Mutagenesis. 21(1): 77-81.
Vicentini VEP, Camparoto ML, Teixeira RO, Mantovani MS. 2001. Averrhoa carambola L., Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels and Cissus sicyoides L.: medicinal herbal tea effects on vegetal and test systems. Acta Sci. 23(2): 593-598.
Vural, N. 2005. Toksikoloji [Toxicology] Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Eczac?l?k Fakültesi Yay?nlar?. Turkish.
Wang Y, Lu X, Sun M, Song F, Li L, Gao T, Yang J. 2008. Physiological research on the difference of bentazone tolerance in wild type rice and sensitive lethal mutants. Acta Agron. Sin. 34(9): 1615-1622.
Wenninger JA, R.C. Canterbery, and G. N. McEwen, J. 2000. International cosmetic ?ngredient dictionary and handbook. 8th ed. Washington (DC): Cosmetic, toiletry, and frangrance association; p. 126-131.
Wexler P, Anderson B, Peyster A, Gad S, Hakkinen PJ, Kamrin M, Locey B, Pope C, Shugart L. 2005. Encyclopedia of toxicology. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. New York(NY): , Academic Press; p. 264-265.
WHO. 2001. Benzyl benzoate. [accessed : 2018 May 10] http://apps.who.int/food-additives-contaminants-jecfa-database/chemical.aspx?chemID=1171
Yarsan E. 2014. Lipid peroksidasyon olay? ve önlenmesine yönelik uygulamalar [Lipid peroxidation event and its applications for prevention] Van Vet J. 9(1): 89-95. Turkish.
Zhang H, Jiang Y, He Z, Ma M. 2005. Cadmium accumulation and oxidative burst in garlic (Allium sativum). J Plant Physiol. 162(9): 977-984.
[JECFA] Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. 1996. Toxicological evaluation of certain food additives. Geneva: International Programme on Chemical Safety.
Adeyemo OA, Farinmade AE. 2013. Genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of food flavor enhancer, monosodium glutamate (MSG) using Allium cepa assay. Afr. J Biotechnol. 12(13): 1459-1466.
Akay C. 2004. Biyomarkörlerin toksikolojide kullan?m? [Use of biomarkers in toxicology]. Gulhane Med J. 46(1): 73-83. Turkish.
Alam G, Jones BC. 2014. Toxicogenetics: in search of host susceptibility to environmental toxicants. Front Genet. 5: 1-5.
Alavarez ME, Lamb C. 1997. Oxidative burst mediated defense responses in plant disease resistance. In: Scandalios JG, editor. Oxidative stress and the molecular biology of antioxidant defenses. New York (NY): Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; p. 815-840.
Arslano?lu, ?. 2011. Investigation of the physiological, cytogenetical and biochemical effects of basudin 60 em and cupravit ob 21 pesticides on Allium cepa [master’s thesis]. K?r?kkale: K?r?kkale Üniversitesi.
Ash M, Ash I. 2004. Handbook of preservatives. Newyork: Synapse Information Resources; p. 292-293.
Beauchamp C, Fridovich I. 1971. Superoxide dismutase: improved assays and an assay applicable to acrylamide gels. Anal Biochem. 44(1): 276-287.
Beers RF, Sizer IW. 1952. Colorimetric method for estimation of catalase. J Biol Chem. 195: 133–139.
B?çakc? U, Çavu?o?lu K, Yapar K, Acar A, Yalç?n E. 2017. The investigation of diazinon toxicity in root tip cells of Allium cepa (Onion) L. I?d?r Univ J Inst Sci Tech. 7(3):49-56. Turkish.
Bidlan R, Afsar M, Manonmani HK. 2004. Bioremediation of HCH-contaminated soil: elimination of inhibitory effects of the insecticide on radish and green gram seed germination. Chemosphere. 56(8): 803-811.
Buckley DA. 2007. Fragrance ingredient labelling in products on sale in the UK. Br J Dermatol. 157(2): 295-300.
Campbell WC, Rew RS 1986. Chemotherapy of parasitic diseases. New York (NY): Plenum Press.
Comporti M. 1993. Lipid peroxidation. Biopathological significance. Mol Aspects Med. 14(3): 199-207.
Çavu?o?lu K, Kaya A, Yilmaz F, Yalçin E. 2012a. Effects of cypermethrin on Allium cepa. Environ Toxicol. 27(10): 583-589.
Çavu?o?lu K, Yalç?n E, Türkmen Z, Yapar K, Çavu?o?lu K, Çiçek F. 2011. Investigation of toxic effects of the glyphosate on Allium cepa. J Agric Sci. 17:131-142.
Çavu?o?lu K, Yalçin E, Türkmen Z, Yapar K, Sa?ir S. 2012b. Physiological, anatomical, biochemical, and cytogenetic effects of thiamethoxam treatment on Allium cepa (amaryllidaceae) L.. Environ Toxicol. 27(11): 635-643.
Dinakar C, Abhaypratap V, Yearla SR, Raghavendra AS, Padmasree K. 2010. Importance of ROS and antioxidant system during the beneficial interactions of mitochondrial metabolism with photosynthetic carbon assimilation. Planta. 231(2): 461-474.
Dönbak L, Rencüzogullari E, Topaktas M. 2002. The cytogenetic effects of the food additive boric acid in Allium cepa L.. Cytologia. 67(2): 153-157.
Erkmen O, Bozoglu TF 2008. Food microbiology: Food preservation. Vol. 3. Ankara: ?lke Yay?nevi.
Fatma F, Verma S, Kamal A, Srivastava A. 2018. Phytotoxicity of pesticides mancozeb and chlorpyrifos: correlation with the antioxidative defence system in Allium cepa. Physiol Mol Biol Plants. 24(1): 115-123.
Fenech M, Chang WP, Kirsch-Volders M, Holland N, Bonassi S, Zeiger E. 2003. HUMN project: detailed description of the scoring criteria for the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay using isolated human lymphocyte cultures. Mutat Res. 534(1): 65-75.
Fenech, M. 2010. The lymphocyte cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay and its application in radiation biodosimetry. Health Phys. 98(2): 234-243.
Fiskesjö G. 1985. The Allium-test as a standard in environmental monitoring. Hereditas. 102(1): 99-112.
Gomes KMS, Oliveira MVGA, Carvalho FRS., Menezes CC, Peron AP. 2013. Citotoxicity of food dyes sunset yellow (E-110), Bordeaux red (E-123), and tatrazine yellow (E-102) on Allium cepa L. root meristematic cells. Food Sci. Technol. 33(1): 218-223.
Grant WF. 1982. Chromosome aberration assays in Allium: A report of the US Environmental Protection Agency gene-tox program. Mutat Res. 99(3): 273-291.
Habif TP 2016. Clinical dermatology a color guide to diagnosis and treatment. 6th edition. Philadelphia (PA): Elsevier.
Hassan MM, Mossa JS. 1981. Benzyl benzoate. In: Brittain HG, editor. Analytical profiles of drug substances. Vol. 10. New York: Academic Press; p. 55-74.
Hayes WJ, Laws ER 1991. Handbook of pesticide toxicology. Vol. 3, Classes of pesticides. New York (NY): Academic Press.
Janero DR. 1990. Malondialdehyde and thiobarbituric acid-reactivity as diagnostic indices of lipid peroxidation and peroxidative tissue injury. Free Radic Biol and Med. 9(6): 515-540.
Jantan IB, Yalvema MF, Ahmad NW, Jamal JA. 2005. Insecticidal activities of the leaf oils of eight Cinnamomum. species against Aedes aegypti. and Aedes albopictus. Pharm Biol. 43(6): 526-532.
Kamm O, Kamm WF. 1941. Benzyl benzoate. In: Kende AS, Freeman JP, editors. Organic synthesis, Vol 1. New York: Wiley.
Kar, A. 2003. Pharmacognosy and pharmacobiotechnology. New Delhi: New Age International.
Koç K, Pandir D. 2018. All aspect of toxic effect of brilliant blue and sunset yellow in Allium cepa roots. Cytotechnology. 70(1):449-463.
Liu D, Jiang W, Wang W, Zhai L. 1995. Evaluation of metal ion toxicity on root tip cells by the Allium test. Is J Plant Sci. 43(2): 125-133.
Liu D, Zou J, Meng Q, Zou J, Jiang W. 2009. Uptake and accumulation and oxidative stress in garlic (Allium sativum L.) under lead phytotoxicity. Ecotoxicology. 18(1): 134-143.
McDonald LG, Tovey E. 1993. The effectiveness of benzyl benzoate and some essential plant oils as laundry additives for killing house dust mites. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 92(5): 771-772.
Micali G, Lacarrubba F. 2016. Dermatoscopy in clinical practice: beyond pigmented lesions. Florida: CRC Press; p. 21-22.
Njagi GDE, Gopalan HNB. 1982. Cytogenetic effects of the food preservatives-sodium benzoate and sodium sulphite on Vicia faba root meristems. Mutat Res. 102(3): 213-219.
Odjegba VJ, Adeniran RA. 2015. Bentazone herbicide induces genotoxic effect and physiological disorders in non-targeted Allium cepa L.. Indian J Plant Physiol. 20(4): 375-379.
Patnaik AR, Achary VMM, Panda BB. 2013. Chromium (VI)-induced hormesis and genotoxicity are mediated through oxidative stress in root cells of Allium cepa L.. Plant Growth Regul. 71(2): 157-170.
Qian XW. 2004. Mutagenic effects of chromium trioxide on root tip cells of Vicia faba. J Zhejiang Univ Sci. 5(12): 1570–1576.
Rameshkumar KB, George V. 2006. Cinnamomum sulphuratum Nees—a benzyl benzoate-rich new chemotype from southern western ghats, India. J Essent Oil Res. 18(5): 521-522.
Rencüzo?ullar? E, Kayrald?z A, Ila HB, Çakmak T, Topakta? M. 2001. The cytogenetic effects of sodium metabisulfite, a food preservative in root tip cells of Allium cepa L.. Turkish J Biol. 25(4):361-370.
Searle R. 1995. Population growth, resource consumption, and the environment seeking a common vision for a troubled world. Canada: Wilfrid Laurier Univ Press.
Shah K, Kumar RG, Verma S, Dubey RS. 2001. Effect of cadmium on lipid peroxidation, superoxide anion generation and activities of antioxidant enzymes in growing rice seedlings. Plant Sci. 161(6): 1135-1144.
Singh P, Srivastava AK, Singh AK. 2007. Comparative sensitivity of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to insecticide and fungicide on different stages of cell cycle. Pest Biochem Physiol. 89(3): 216-219.
Singh Z. 2017. Toxicological Assessment of Tartrazine on Seed Germination Capacity of Vigna radiata (L.). IJLST. 10(8): 75-78.
Staykova TA, Ivanova EN, Velcheva IG. 2005. Cytogenetic effect of heavy metal and cyanide in contamined waters from the region of Southwest Bulgaria. J Cell Mol Biol. 4(1): 41-46.
Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR 2009. WHO model formulary 2008. Geneva: World Health Organization; p. 311-312.
Teixeira RO, Camparoto ML, Mantovani MS, Vicentini VEP. 2003. Assesment of two medicinal plants Psidium guajava L. and Achillea millefolium L., in in vitro and in vivo assays, Genet Mol Biol. 26(4): 551-555.
Türko?lu ?. 2007. Genotoxicity of five food preservatives tested on root tips of Allium cepa L. Mutat Res. 626(1): 4-14.
Ünyayar S, Çelik A, Çekiç FÖ, Gözel A. 2006. Cadmium-induced genotoxicity, cytotoxicity and lipid peroxidation in Allium sativum and Vicia faba. Mutagenesis. 21(1): 77-81.
Vicentini VEP, Camparoto ML, Teixeira RO, Mantovani MS. 2001. Averrhoa carambola L., Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels and Cissus sicyoides L.: medicinal herbal tea effects on vegetal and test systems. Acta Sci. 23(2): 593-598.
Vural, N. 2005. Toksikoloji [Toxicology] Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Eczac?l?k Fakültesi Yay?nlar?. Turkish.
Wang Y, Lu X, Sun M, Song F, Li L, Gao T, Yang J. 2008. Physiological research on the difference of bentazone tolerance in wild type rice and sensitive lethal mutants. Acta Agron. Sin. 34(9): 1615-1622.
Wenninger JA, R.C. Canterbery, and G. N. McEwen, J. 2000. International cosmetic ?ngredient dictionary and handbook. 8th ed. Washington (DC): Cosmetic, toiletry, and frangrance association; p. 126-131.
Wexler P, Anderson B, Peyster A, Gad S, Hakkinen PJ, Kamrin M, Locey B, Pope C, Shugart L. 2005. Encyclopedia of toxicology. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. New York(NY): , Academic Press; p. 264-265.
WHO. 2001. Benzyl benzoate. [accessed : 2018 May 10] http://apps.who.int/food-additives-contaminants-jecfa-database/chemical.aspx?chemID=1171
Yarsan E. 2014. Lipid peroksidasyon olay? ve önlenmesine yönelik uygulamalar [Lipid peroxidation event and its applications for prevention] Van Vet J. 9(1): 89-95. Turkish.
Zhang H, Jiang Y, He Z, Ma M. 2005. Cadmium accumulation and oxidative burst in garlic (Allium sativum). J Plant Physiol. 162(9): 977-984.
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2021-04-16
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Acar, A., Türkmen, Z., Çavu?o?lu, K., & Yalçin, E. (2021). Investigation of benzyl benzoate toxicity with anatomical, physiological, cytogenetic and biochemical parameters in in vivo. Caryologia, 73(3). https://doi.org/10.13128/caryologia-167
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