Published 14-07-2025
Keywords
- next-gen textiles,
- textile production,
- material design,
- design research,
- circular economy
How to Cite
Copyright (c) 2025 Isabella Enrica Alevato Aires, Stefan Lie

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Abstract
Fur, valued for its various natural qualities, has historically been a staple in fashion, often signifying status. However, traditional animal-based fur is a controversial material increasingly subject to governmental and organisational bans. Alternatives include synthetic and next-gen materials. Although synthetic fur is more sustainable than animal fur regarding carbon footprint and animal welfare, it still contributes significantly to environmental issues, including microplastic pollution. Next-gen furs are animal- and petrochemical-free alternatives. However, their success is challenging to compare with synthetics due to their natural properties and the substantial time and financial investments already made in the latter. Based on traditional secondary research employing a ‘capture-edit-search’ approach, this investigation explores the potential of defining material properties to be prioritised or avoided when designing a next-gen fur. Starting from an analysis of the traditional material’s properties, the attributes commonly associated with animal-based fur are explored to help formulate strategies to consider when designing next-gen alternatives. As demonstrated, it is unlikely that a next-gen replacement for animal fur will fully replicate the material’s characteristics. However, in a design-driven transition, knowing what to avoid is as important as knowing what to achieve. Therefore, establishing honest design priorities could contribute to a more prosperous fashion future.
References
- Ashby, M. F., & Johnson, K. (2014). Materials and design : the art and science of material selection in product design (3rd ed.). Elsevier Science ; Butterworth-Heinemann.
- Athey, S. N., & Erdle, L. M. (2022). Are We Underestimating Anthropogenic Microfiber Pollution? A Critical Review of Occurrence, Methods, and Reporting. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 41(4), 822–837. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5173
- Bijleveld, M. (2013). Natural mink fur and faux fur products, an environmental comparison. CE Delft. https://cedelft.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/CE_Delft_22203_Natural_mink_fur_and_faux_fur_products_FINAL_1375779267.pdf
- Bijleveld, M., Korteland, M. & Sevenster, M. (2011). The environmental impact of mink fur production. CE Delft. https://www.furfreealliance.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/CE-Delft-The-environmental-impact-of-mink-fur-production.pdf
- Cai, Y., Mitrano, D. M., Heuberger, M., Hufenus, R., & Nowack, B. (2020). The origin of microplastic fiber in polyester textiles: The textile production process matters. Journal of Cleaner Production, 267, 121970-. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121970
- De Falco, F., Cocca, M., Avella, M., & Thompson, R. C. (2020). Microfiber Release to Water, Via Laundering, and to Air, via Everyday Use: A Comparison between Polyester Clothing with Differing Textile Parameters. Environmental Science & Technology, 54(6), 3288–3296. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b06892
- Debeer, L. (2018). FINAL REPORT MNI-1 High Solids Anaerobic Biodegradation and Disintegration test of Undyed mink fur, Undyed fox fur, Dyed mink fur, Dyed fox fur and Fake fur. Fur Europe - Belgium. https://www.wearefur.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/RA.MNI-1.Rev00-OWS-report.pdf
- Faiers, J. (2020). Fur: a sensitive history. Yale University Press.
- Fairs, M. (2021). Climate change is "a design project needing lots of attention" says William McDonough. Dezeen. https://www.dezeen.com/2021/06/21/carbon-climate-change-design-project-william-mcdonough-interview/
- Fur for Animals (n.d.). A Guide To Fur Bans Around The World. https://respectforanimals.org/a-guide-to-fur-bans-around-the-world/
- Gabriel, M. B., Westervelt, A., Schreiber, J. & Islam, M. I. (2024). Achieving Impact Reductions for Textile-Based Goods Purchased by the City of New York: Analysis and Recommendations or the Implementation of Local Law 112 of 2021. Local Law 112 of 2021 Task Force, New York, New York. City of New York. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f5f02dd9b510014eef4fc4f/t/66cc2ae684ff6667f5d2cffc/1724656375219/AcheivingImpactReductionsForTextilesLL112_August+2024.pdf
- Ghiat, I., & Al-Ansari, T. (2021). A review of carbon capture and utilisation as a CO2 abatement opportunity within the EWF nexus. Journal of CO2 Utilization, 45, 101432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2020.101432
- Gladman, A. S., Rawling, N., Chang, C., Dow, T. D., Erixon, C., & Weathers, O. (2024). What Makes Fur, Fur? Material Innovation Initiative. https://materialinnovation.org/wp-content/uploads/MII-What-Makes-Fur-Fur-Report-Digital.pdf
- Hasling, K. M., & Bang, A. L. (2015). How associative material characteristics create textile reflection in design education. Journal of Textile Design, Research and Practice, 3(1–2), 27–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/20511787.2015.1210916
- Huang, W., Chen, M., Song, B., Deng, J., Shen, M., Chen, Q., Zeng, G., & Liang, J. (2021). Microplastics in the coral reefs and their potential impacts on corals: A mini-review. The Science of the Total Environment, 762, 143112–143112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143112
- Jana, R. (25 November 2019). How fashion fell out of love with fur: the complete timeline. Vogue. https://www.vogue.in/fashion/content/fashion-designer-fake-fur-prada-gucci-shrimps-animal-cruelty
- Kittler, R., Kayser, M., & Stoneking, M. (2003). Molecular Evolution of Pediculus humanus and the Origin of Clothing. Current Biology, 13(16), 1414–1417. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00507-4
- Kopenhagen Fur (n.d.a). About Kopenhagen Fur. https://www.kopenhagenfur.com/en/about-kopenhagen-fur/
- Kopenhagen Fur (n.d.b). The future of dressing and dyeing. https://www.kopenhagenfur.com/en/responsibility/research/the-future-of-dressing-and-dyeing/
- Kwasny, M. (2019). Putting on the Dog: The Animal Origins of What We Wear. Trinity University Press.
- Lee, S., Congdon, A., Parker, G., & Borst, C. (2021). UNDERSTANDING ‘BIO’ MATERIAL INNOVATIONS: A PRIMER FOR THE FASHION INDUSTRY. Biofabricate & Fashion For Good. https://fashionforgood.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Understanding-Bio-Material-Innovations-Report.pdf
- Liu, J., Liu, S., Zhu, L., Sun, L., Zhang, Y., Li, X., & Wang, L. (2023). Carbon Neutrality Potential of Textile Products Made from Plant-Derived Fibers. Sustainability, 15(9), 7070-. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097070
- Mahbub, M. S., & Shams, M. (2022). Acrylic fabrics as a source of microplastics from portable washer and dryer: Impact of washing and drying parameters. The Science of the Total Environment, 834, 155429–155429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155429
- Marchand, A. (2007). Mental health in Canada: Are there any risky occupations and industries? International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 30(4), 272–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2007.06.002
- Material Innovation Initiative & The Mills Fabrica. (2021). White Space Analysis 2021: The Next-gen Materials Industry. https://www.themillsfabrica.com/insights/reports/white-space-analysis-2021/
- Matthews, R. (2020). Understanding ugg boots: Travels through place, space and time. Critical Studies in Fashion & Beauty, 11(1), 73–100. https://doi.org/10.1386/csfb_00010_1
- Meyer, W., Schnapper, A. and Hülmann, G. (2002), The hair cuticle of mammals and its relationship to functions of the hair coat. Journal of Zoology, 256: 489-494. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952836902000535
- Pologeorgis Furs (14 October 2022). Fur Cleaning & Care: The Complete Guide to Ensuring Your Furs Last For Decades. https://pologeorgis.com/blogs/news/fur-cleaning-care
- Popescu, C., & Hoecker, H. (2007). Hair - The Most Sophisticated Biological Composite Material. ChemInform, 38(42). https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.200742268
- Ramchandani, M., & Coste-Maniere, I. (2016). To Fur or not to Fur: Sustainable Production and Consumption Within Animal-Based Luxury and Fashion Products. In Textiles and Clothing Sustainability (pp. 41–60). Springer Singapore Pte. Limited. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2131-2_2
- Rawling, N., Dow, T. D., Erixon, C., & Weathers, O. (2024). White Space #1: Sub-Categories with Limited Innovation 2024. Material Innovation Initiative. https://materialinnovation.org/wp-content/uploads/White-Space-1_Sub-categories-with-limited-innovation_Report_Digital_Final-1.pdf
- Rognoli, V. & Parisi, S. (2017). Material Tinkering and Creatibity In MaDe. Materials Designers. Boosting Talent Towards Circular Economies. Design Department Politecnico di Milano. https://re.public.polimi.it/bitstream/11311/1164648/1/Rognoli%201_MaDe-Book.pdf
- Rokeach, M. (1973). The nature of human values. Free Press.
- Saga Furs (n.d.a). About us. https://www.sagafurs.com/our-company/about-us/
- Seidu, R. K., Eghan, B., & Acquaye, R. (2024). A Review of Circular Fashion and Bio-based Materials in the Fashion Industry. Circular Economy and Sustainability (Online), 4(1), 693–715. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43615-023-00303-z
- Sekhri, R. (2022). TEXTBOOK OF FABRIC SCIENCE: FUNDAMENTALS TO FINISHING - FOURTH EDITION. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
- Slade, J., & Alleyne, E. (2023). The Psychological Impact of Slaughterhouse Employment: A Systematic Literature Review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 24(2), 429–440. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380211030243
- Stanes, E., & Gibson, C. (2017). Materials that linger: An embodied geography of polyester clothes. Geoforum, 85, 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.07.006
- Stansfield, T. (9 July 2015). Fendi brings its fur-only couture show to Paris. Dazed. https://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/25421/1/fendi-brings-its-fur-only-couture-show-to-paris
- Steiff (n.d.). Stuffed animals & toys. https://www.steiff.com/en-uk/stuffed-animals-toys
- Taylor, E. (2024). Why Is Fur—Real and Pretend—Everywhere Again? Vogue. https://www.vogue.com/article/why-is-fur-real-and-pretend-everywhere-again
- Technavio (2024). Artificial Fur Market size is set to grow by USD 184.2 million from 2024-2028, Growing prominence for online shopping to boost the market growth, Technavio. PR Newswire. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/artificial-fur-market-size-is-set-to-grow-by-usd-184-2-million-from-2024-2028--growing-prominence-for-online-shopping-to-boost-the-market-growth-technavio-302180136.html
- Tonkinwise, C. (2014, 8 August). Transition Design as Postindustrial Interaction Design? Medium. https://medium.com/@camerontw/transition-design-as-postindustrial-interaction-design-6c8668055e8d
- Trinquier, C. (2024, 24 July). Carole Collet, MAISON/0: "Next-gen materials should be seen as having their own unique potential". Formes de Luxe. https://www.formesdeluxe.com/article/next-gen-materials-should-no-longer-be-seen-as-replacements-but-as-materials-endowed-with-their-own-unique-potential.64549
- Warwick, C., Pilny, A., Steedman, C. & Grant, R. (2023). One health implications of fur farming. Front. Anim. Sci. 4:1249901. https://doi.org/10.3389/fanim.2023.1249901
- Zhang, Y.-Q., Lykaki, M., Alrajoula, M. T., Markiewicz, M., Kraas, C., Kolbe, S., Klinkhammer, K., Rabe, M., Klauer, R., Bendt, E., & Stolte, S. (2021). Microplastics from textile origin - emission and reduction measures. Green Chemistry: An International Journal and Green Chemistry Resource: GC, 23(15), 5247–5271. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1gc01589c