Quantitative relationships among potential evapotranspiration, surface water, and vegetation in an urban area (Baghdad)

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.36253/ijam-2557

Keywords:

surface water, vegetation, potential evapotranspiration, statistical analysis, Baghdad

Abstract

Potential evapotranspiration (PET) is the amount of water that evaporates from land, surface water and plant transpiration. Based on monthly surface water and vegetation cover areas derived from Sentinel-2 imagery and precipitation records from Baghdad station for the two years 2018 and 2019, the quantitative relationships such as PET versus water area, PET versus vegetation area and PET versus precipitation were investigated. Using Origin 9.2 program, a new multiple regression model was derived to estimate the monthly mean PET in dry and wet months. To improve the accuracy of the model, monthly errors, bias and mean absolute error were calculated to approximate reasonable estimates of PET. Based on this statistical analysis, the best value of about -1 mm/day should be added to the proposed model as a correction term.

References

Abd Al Rukabie J.S.A., Naif S.S. and Al-Jiboori M.H. (2024). Quantitative impact of monthly precipitation on urban vegetation, surface water and potential evapotranspiration in Baghdad under wet and dry conditions. Nature Environment and Production Technologies, 23(4), 2383-2389. https://doi.org/10.46488/NEPT.2024.v23i04.041

Ahmed M.H., Mahdi Z.S., Al-Jiboori M.H. and Mahmood D.A. (2024). Interannual variations of monthly normalized difference vegetation index and potential evapotranspiration and their Relations in Baghdad. Open agriculture, 9. https://doi.org/10.1515/opag-2022-0386

Al-Hasani A.A.J. and Shahid S. (2022). Spatial distribution of the trends in potential evapotranspiration and its influencing climatic factors in Iraq. Theoretical and Applied Climatology. https://doi.org10.1007/s00704-022-04184-4

Al-Jiboori MH., Abu Al-Shaeer M.J. and Hassan A.S. (2020). Statistical forecast of daily maximum air temperature in arid areas in the summertime. J. Mat. Fund. Sci., 52(3), 353-365. https://doi.org10.5614/j.math.fund.sci.2020.52.3.8

Chen F., Chen X., Van de Voorde T., Roberts D., Jiang H. and Xu W. (2020). Open water detection in urban environments using high spatial resolution remote sensing imagery. Remote Sensing of Environment, 242. https://doi.org10.1016/j.rse.2020.111706

Fisher D.K. and Pringle III H.C. (2013). Evaluation of alternative methods for estimating reference evapotranspiration. Agricultural Sciences, 4(8A), pp. 51-60. https://doi.org10.4236/as.2013.48A008

Gebremedhin M. A., Lubczynski M.W., Maathuis B.H.P. and Teka D. (2022). Derving potential evapotranspiration from satellite-based reference evpotranspiration, Upper Tekeze Basin. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 41. https://doi.org10.1016/j.ejrh.2022.101059

Guo D., Westra S. and Maier H.R. (2017). ensitivity of potential evapotranspiration to changes in climate variables for different Australian climatic zones. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 21(4), 2107–2126. https://doi.org10.5194/hess-21-2107-2017

Haraj S.A. and Al-Jiboori M.H. (2021). Study of aerodynamic surface roughness for Baghdad City using signal-level measurements. Baghdad Science Journal, 16(1 supplement ), 215-220. https://doi.org10.21123/bsj.2019.16.1(Suppl.).0215

Jaber, S.H., Al-Saadi, L.M. and Al-Jiboori, M.H. (2020). Spatial vegetation growth and its relation to seasonal temperature and precipitation in Baghdad. International Journal of Agricultural and Statistical Sciences, 16(Supplement 1). https://connectjournals.com/03899.2020.16.2021

Kirkham M.B. (2014). Principles of Soil and Plant Water Relations: Ch. 28, Potential Evapotranspiration (2nd ed.). Academic Press. https://doi.org10.1016/C2013-0-12871-1

Li Y., Qin Y. and Rong P. (2022). Evolution of potential evapotranspiration and its sensitivity to climate change based on the Thornthwaite, Hargreaves, and Penman–Monteith equation in environmental sensitive areas of China. Atmospheric Research, 273. https://doi.org10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106178

Mahdi Z.S., Tawfeek Y.Q. and Al-Jiboori M.H. (2024). Monthly urban surface water assessment at Baghdad and their environmental effects. Water practure and Technology. https://doi.org10.2166/wpt.2024.098

Olivares B.O., Paredes F., Rey J.C., Lobo D. and Galvis-Causil S. (2021). The relationship between the normaized difference vegetation index, rainfall, and potential evapotranspiration in a banana plantation of Venezuela. Sanis Tanah-Journal of Soil Sciemce and Agroclimatology, 18(1), 58-64. https://doi.org10.20961/stjssa.v18i1.50379

Rossato L., Alvala R.C.S., Ferreira N.J. and Tomasella J. (2005). Evapotranspiration estimation in the Brazil using NDVI data. Remote Sensing for Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Hydrology, 5976. https://doi.org10.1117/12.626793

Santos L., Cruz G. H., Capuchinho F.F., José J.V. and dos Reis E.F. (2019). Assessment of empirical methods for estimation of reference evapotranspiration in the Brazilian. Australian Journal of Crop Sciences, 13(7), pp. 1094-1104. https://doi.org10.21475/ajcs.19.13.07.p1569

Singh S. and Biswas R. (2022). Analysis of land use change effects/impacts on surface water resources in Delhi. Urban Science, 6(4). https://doi.org10.3390/urbansci6040092

Stefanidis S. and Alexandridis V. (2021). Precipitation and potential evapotranspiration temporal variability and their relationship in two forest ecosystems in Greece. Hydrology, 8(4). https://doi.org10.3390/hydrology8040160

Trajkovic S. and Stojnic V. (2007). Effect of wind speed on accuracy of Turc method in a humid climate. Facta Universitatis series: Architecture and Civil Enggineering, 5(2), 107-113.

Wang H. and Zheng J. (2022). Assessing the effects of surface conditions on potential evapotranspiration in a humid subtropical region of Chinal. Frontiers in Climate, 4. https://doi.org10.3389/fclim.2022.813787

Yan D., Xu T., Grima A., Yuan Z., Weng B., Qin T., Do P. and Yong Y. (2017). Regional correlation between precipitation and vegetation in the Huang-Huai-Hai River Basin, China. Water, 9. https://doi.org10.3390/w9080557

Zhang H. and Wang L. (2021). Analysis of the variation in potential evapotranspiration and surface wet conditions in the Hancang River Basin, China. Scientific Reports, 11. https://doi.org10.1038/s41598-021-88162-2

Zhang L., Yang L., Zohner C.M., Crowther T.W., Li M., Shen F., Guo M., Qin J., Yao L., Zhou C. (2022). Direct and indirect impacts of urbanization on vegetation growth across the world’s cities. Sciences Advances, 8(27). https://doi.org10.1126/sciadv.abo0095

Zhao H. and Ma Y. (2021). Effects of various driving factors on potential evapotranspiration trends over the main grain-production area of China while accounting for vegetation dynamics. Agricultural Water Management, 250. https://doi.org10.1016/j.agwat.2021.106854

Downloads

Published

2024-12-28

How to Cite

Zahraa S. Mahdi, Mahmood J. Abu-AL Shaeer, & Al-Jiboori, M. H. (2024). Quantitative relationships among potential evapotranspiration, surface water, and vegetation in an urban area (Baghdad). Italian Journal of Agrometeorology, (2), 81–88. https://doi.org/10.36253/ijam-2557

Issue

No. 2 (2024)

Section

RESEARCH ARTICLES

License

Copyright (c) 2024 Zahraa S. Mahdi, Mahmood J. Abu-AL Shaeer, Monim H. Al-Jiboori

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Licence and copyright agreement for IJAM

(revised October 2020)

The following licence and copyright agreement is valid for any article published by IJAM.

Author’s certification

By submitting the manuscript, the authors certify the following:

  • They are authorized by their co-authors to enter into these arrangements.
  • The work described has not been published before (except in the form of an abstract or proceedings-type publication – including discussion papers – or as part of a published lecture or thesis); it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere; and its publication has been approved by all the author(s) and by the responsible authorities – tacitly or explicitly – of the institutes where the work was carried out.
  • They have secured the right to reproduce any material that has already been published or copyrighted elsewhere.
  • They agree to the following licence and copyright agreement:

Copyright

  • The copyright of any article is retained by the author(s). More information on the transfer of copyright can be found below.
  • Authors grant our journals a licence to publish the article and identify itself as the original publisher.
  • Authors grant any third party the right to use the article freely under the stipulation that the original authors are given credit and the appropriate citation details are mentioned.
  • The article is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Unless otherwise stated, associated published material is distributed under the same licence.

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License

Anyone is free to share — to copy, distribute, and transmit the work to remix — to adapt the work under the following conditions:

  • Attribution — The original authors must be given credit.
  • For any reuse or distribution, it must be made clear to others what the licence terms of this work are.
  • Any of these conditions can be waived if the copyright holders give permission.
  • Nothing in this licence impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights. The full legal code of this licence.