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Response Surface Methodology-Assisted Optimization, Purification, Characterization and Application of Natural Dye from Bischofia Javanica Leaves on Cotton

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  • Poro D. Clark
Poro D. Clark
Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, Nigeria
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.36253/Substantia-3883

Published 2026-06-17

Keywords

  • Bischofia javanica,
  • Natural dye,
  • Central composite design,
  • Isoquercetin,
  • Flavonoids,
  • Color fastness
    • ...More
    Less

How to Cite

Clark, P. D. (2026). Response Surface Methodology-Assisted Optimization, Purification, Characterization and Application of Natural Dye from Bischofia Javanica Leaves on Cotton. Substantia. https://doi.org/10.36253/Substantia-3883

Copyright (c) 2026 Poro D. Clark

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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Abstract

This study optimized the extraction of natural dyes from Bischofia javanica Blume leaves using a Soxhlet apparatus, with process conditions determined by response surface methodology and a central composite design (RSM-CCD). The effects of extraction temperature (46–74 °C) and time (0.6–3.4 h) were investigated over 14 experimental runs.  Extraction efficiency, quantified by measuring absorbance at 430 nm using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, was maximized at optimized conditions of approximately 70 °C for 2 hours, yielding a threefold increase in absorbance compared to lower temperatures. The main dye fraction (F3) was purified and isolated using gravity column chromatography on silica gel and confirmed by TLC. The dyed cotton fabric was evaluated for its physical fastness properties (light, wash, perspiration, and rubbing). Characterization techniques, including UV-Vis, FTIR, and HPLC, identified isoquercetin as the primary dye compound along with berberine and eugenol, confirming that the extract is rich in flavonoids. At an 8% dye concentration, cotton treated with potassium aluminum sulfate mordant showed higher color strength (K/S) and exhibited excellent light fastness (grade 6–7), very good wash fastness (rating 4), and dry rubbing fastness (rating 4). Perspiration fastness was better under acidic conditions (3-4) due to stable aluminum-flavonoid complexes, which enhanced photostability and wash resistance compared to unmordanted fabric. This study demonstrates that Bischofia javanica leaves are a promising source of natural dyes for sustainable textiles and highlights how statistical optimization can significantly improve extraction efficiency, supporting potential eco-friendly industrial applications.

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References

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