Published 2024-12-19
Keywords
- 3D drawing,
- 3D objects,
- 3D interface,
- Virtual Drawing,
- Virtual Reality
How to Cite
Copyright (c) 2024 Jacek Lebiedź

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Abstract
Traditional drawing involves drawing on some surface, often a plane, e.g. a sheet of paper, a school board or a wall. This type of drawing therefore takes place in two dimensions of this surface. Transferring this activity to a computer, or rather to the surface of its screen, did not change the two-dimensional nature of this action. Practically all applications today, from Paint to sophisticated computer-aided design tools, still operate in two dimensions, with even three-dimensional objects being developed using only appropriately selected flat cross-sections. This is partly due to pre-computer drafting canons, partly to the construction of the most popular computer interfaces which are essentially two-dimensional (screen, mouse), and partly to the ease of presentation using popular two-dimensional devices (screen, printer). However, modern virtual reality devices enable drawing in three-dimensional space, and this does not mean 3D modeling, which involves building a scene from blocks (geometric solids) and surfaces (grids, meshes), but rather sketching lines and surfaces with a virtual pen in the air and thus creating a 3D drawing. But does this new drawing paradigm have a chance of catching on? Will artists, architects and designers reach for it in the future? Can they gain anything by using such a solution? This paper does not provide an answer to this question, it just shows possible ways of drawing 3D along with their advantages and disadvantages. It is left to the Readers to decide how useful this approach can be in their artistic, architectural, design, etc. activities. The author, being a computer scientist, also invites the Readers who give a positive answer to the title question to cooperate in searching for the optimal three-dimensional drawing interface and its useful applications.
References
- R. Baziak, T. Daruk, K. Żyra, D. Żarek, J. Lebiedź, Virtual escape room in mathematics, in 32nd International Conference on Information Systems Development ISD2024, 2024.
- J. R. Bill, Computer Sculpting of Polygonal Models using Virtual Tools, M.Sc. Thesis, University of California, 1994.
- J. R. Bill, S. K. Lodha, Sculpting Polygonal Models using Virtual Tools, in Graphics Interface ‘95, GI’95, 1995, pp. 272-279.
- C. Calabrese, G. Salvati, M. Tarini, F. Pellacini, cSculpt: a system for collaborative sculpting, in ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), XXXV, 2016, 4, pp. 1-8.
- S. Fröjdman, User Experience Guidelines for Design of Virtual Reality Graphical User Interfaces Controlled by Head Orientation Input, Bachelor Degree Project in Cognitive Science, University of Skövde, 2016.
- F. Galasso, S. La Placa, J. Lebiedź, Virtual fruition of architectural drawings. 3D models and dynamic platforms for heritage knowledge, in XXI International Conference on Culture and Computer Science KUI 2024.
- T. A. Galyean, J. F. Hughes, Sculpting: an interactive volumetric modeling technique, in ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics, XXV, 1991, 4, pp. 267-274.
- C. E. Hughes, L. Zhang, J. P. Schulze, E. Edelstein, E. Macagno, CaveCAD: Architectural design in the CAVE, in 2013 IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces (3DUI), 2013, pp. 1-2.
- T. Igarashi, S. Matsuoka, H. Tanaka, Teddy: A sketching interface for 3D freeform design, in 26th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques (SIGGRAPH), 1999, pp. 409-416.
- H. Jung, P. Ruhkamp, N. Navab, B. Busam, Multi-Modal Dataset Acquisition for Photometrically Challenging Object, in arXiv, 2023.
- H. Jung et al., HouseCat6d – A large-scale multi-modal category level 6d object pose dataset with household objects in realistic scenarios, in arXiv, 2023.
- D. F. Keefe et al., CavePainting: a fully immersive 3D artistic medium and interactive experience, in Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics (I3D ‘01), 2001, pp. 85-93.
- D. Keefe, R. Zeleznik, D. Laidlaw, Drawing on air: Input techniques for controlled 3D line illustration, in IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, XIII, 2007, 5, pp. 1067-1081.
- Y. Kim, S-G. An, J. H. Lee, S-H. Bae, Agile 3D sketching with air scaffolding, in Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2018), pp. 1-12.
- G. K. Knopf, P. C. Igwe, Deformable Mesh for Virtual Shape Sculpting, in Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, XXI, 2005, 4, pp. 302-311.
- S. Kowalski, J. Lebiedź, S. Parrinello, F. Picchio, New skills for architects: 3D scanning for an immersive experience in architectural education, in Global Journal of Engineering Education, XXVI, 2024, 2, pp. 115-121.
- J. Lebiedź, Virtual immersive environments, in B. Wiszniewski (ed.) Intelligent Interactive Systems Technologies, Gdańsk University of Technology Publishing House, Gdańsk 2022, pp. 151-170.
- J. Lebiedź, Virtual reality as a tool for development and simulation, in F. Picchio (ed.) Digital & Documentation. From Virtual Space to Information Database, Pavia University Press, Pavia 2023, pp. 18-31.
- J. Lebiedź, J. Redlarski, Applications of Immersive 3D Visualization Lab, in 24th International Conference on Computer Graphics, Visualization and Computer Vision WSCG, 2016, pp. 69-74.
- J. Lebiedź, M. Szwoch, Virtual Sightseeing in Immersive 3D Visualization Lab, in Proceedings of the Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems (4th Conference on Multimedia, Interaction, Design and Innovation MIDI’16), 2016, pp. 1641-1645.
- M. Y. Lim, R. Aylett, MY virtual graffiti system, in IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, 2004, pp. 1-4.
- M. Małasiewicz, Z. Strauss, Virtual sculptor, in Team research project ID-188 2024/25, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdansk 2025 (in progress).
- S. Mizuno, M. Okada, J. Toriwaki, An interactive designing system with virtual sculpting and virtual woodcut printing, in Computer Graphics Forum, XVIII, 2001, 3, pp. 183-194.
- M. Muńko, K. Smółko, P. Wojciechowski, Magic 3D pencil, Engineering diploma project thesis (in Polish), Gdańsk University of Technology, 2023.
- C. Murgrabia, An Attempt to Implement BlenderVR Visualization System Based on Blender3D in a Virtual Reality Cave Environment, Master’s thesis (in Polish), University of Gdańsk, 2017.
- X. Pan, A. Haberkorn, Interactive 3D Modeling with Virtual Reality, in Virtual Reality, XXXIII, 2021.
- E. Rosales et al., AdaptiBrush: Adaptive General and Predictable VR Ribbon Brush, in ACM Transactions on Graphics, 2021, pp. 1-15.
- O. Ruczyński, M. Stencel, T. Szcząchor, Projection space and projection methods in virtual space. How are 3D objects projected onto planes?, in Team project 10@DIIS’2023/24, Gdańsk University of Technology, 2024.
- O. Ruczyński, M. Stencel, T. Szcząchor, Reconstruction of solids in the VR CAVE environment based on their projections on given planes, Engineering diploma project thesis (in Polish), Gdańsk University of Technology, 2024.
- K. L. Steele, P. K. Egbert, Vector Field-Based Tools for Virtual Sculpting, Brigham Young University, 2009.
- S. Tsang, R. Balakrishnan, K. Singh, A. Ranjan, A Suggestive Interface for Image Guided 3D Sketching, in Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI), 2004.
- R. C. Zeleznik, K. P. Herndon, J. F. Hughes, SKETCH: An interface for sketching 3D scenes, in ACM SIGGRAPH Courses, 2006, pp. 1-6.
- N. Zhang, T. Huang, H. Liao, ARMedicalSketch: Exploring 3D Sketching for Medical Image Using True 2D-3D Interlinked Visualization and Interaction, in IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems, vol. LIV, 2024, 5, pp. 589-598.
 
	
				
