No. 6 (2025): Fashion Technology. Crafting the Future of Fashion with Data, Materiality, and Digital Innovation
Essays

Bodily Pain: Textile Structures of Breath and Repair

Emily Trenton
Royal College of Art, The UK
cover of FH issue 6

Published 31-12-2025

Keywords

  • sculptural knit,
  • somatic textiles,
  • tender infrastructure,
  • architectures of care,
  • pain bodies

How to Cite

Trenton, E. (2025). Bodily Pain: Textile Structures of Breath and Repair. Fashion Highlight, (6), 70–81. https://doi.org/10.36253/fh-3692

Abstract

This paper investigates sculptural knit as a site of somatic memory and embodied intelligence, proposing tenderness as an infrastructural logic within fashion textile technology. Grounded in lived experiences of chronic pain, sensory difference, and care, the research adopts a practice-based, research-through-design methodology to examine how industrial knitting and weaving can register breath, pain, and protection through material form. Through the case study Pain Bodies, the paper analyzes how knit architectures—through cavities, inlay, and compression—hold, archive, and respond to bodily states that resist linguistic expression. Inlay is articulated as both technique and ethical gesture, embedding memory, grief, and attentiveness directly into textile structure. Drawing on somatics, care ethics, and textile interaction design, the research reframes smart and adaptive textiles not as systems of optimization or spectacle, but as supportive companions for embodied regulation and persistence. By foregrounding inclusive craft, emotional durability, and responsiveness felt rather than measured, the paper contributes an alternative paradigm for fashion technology. It proposes textile technology as tender infrastructure—capable of listening to the body, sustaining vulnerability, and expanding how responsiveness is understood within future fashion textile systems.

References

  1. Ackermann, U. (2019). Bodies drilled in freedom: Nudity, body culture, and classical gymnastics at the early Bauhaus. In E. Otto & P. Rössler (Eds.), Bauhaus bodies: Gender, sexuality, and body culture in modernism’s legendary art school (pp. 25–48). Bloomsbury Visual Arts.
  2. Alamgir, A. (2022). The body as a site [RCA student page]. RCA2022. Retrieved June 16, 2025, from https://2022.rcaac.uk/students/anusha-alamgir/
  3. Asor, S., & Sterman, Y. (2023). A parametric 3D knitting workflow for punchcard knitting machines. In Extended abstracts of the 2023 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems (CHI EA ’23, Article 10, pp. 1–6). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3544549.3585721
  4. Barad, K. (2003). Posthumanist performativity: Toward an understanding of how matter comes to matter. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 28(3), 801–831. https://doi.org/10.1086/345321
  5. Barss, T. S., Pearcey, G. E. P., Munro, B., Bishop, J. L., & Zehr, E. P. (2018). Effects of a compression garment on sensory feedback transmission in the human upper limb. Journal of Neurophysiology, 120(1), 186–195. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00581.2017
  6. Bodiciu, C. D. T. (2022). Symbiosis: A new paradigm for understanding how bodies and dress come together. Fashion Theory, 27(4), 493–509. https://doi.org/10.1080/1362704x.2022.2111020
  7. Bordoni, B., Purgol, S., Bizzarri, A., Modica, M., & Morabito, B. (2018). The influence of breathing on the central nervous system. Cureus, 10(6), e2724. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.2724
  8. Bryan-Wilson, J., Heathfield, A., Rosenthal, S., & Rugoff, R. (2013). Ana Mendieta: Traces. Hayward Publishing.
  9. Bugg, J. (2014). Emotion and memory: Clothing the body as performance. In A. Anderson & S. Pantouvaki (Eds.), Presence and absence: The performing body (pp. 29–52). Inter-Disciplinary Press.
  10. Chacour, Y. (2020, October 21). Plastic corporalities: The wanderers // Neri Oxman. IAAC Blog. Retrieved June 16, 2025, from https://www.iaacblog.com/programs/plasticcorporalitiesthe-wanderers-neri-oxman/
  11. Cherniack, N. S. (1990). The central nervous system and respiratory muscle coordination. Chest, 97(3, Suppl.), 52S–57S. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.97.3_Supplement.52S-a
  12. Conte, L., & Gallo, F. (2023). Territori della performance: Percorsi e pratiche in Italia (1967–1982). Ediz. italiana e inglese. Quodlibet.
  13. Elliot, C. A., Hamlin, M. J., & Lizamore, C. A. (2019). Validity and reliability of the Hexoskin wearable biometric vest during maximal aerobic power testing in elite cyclists. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 33(5), 1437–1444. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000002005
  14. Foskolou, A., Emmanouil, A., Boudolos, K., & Rousanoglou, E. (2022). Abdominal breathing effect on postural stability and the respiratory muscles’ activation during body stances used in fitness modalities. Biomechanics, 2(3), 478–493. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics2030037
  15. Foster Vander Elst, O., Foster, N. H. D., Vuust, P., Keller, P. E., & Kringelbach, M. L. (2023). The neuroscience of dance: A conceptual framework and systematic review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 150, 105197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105197
  16. Frayling, C. (1993). Research in art and design (Royal College of Art Research Papers, Vol. 1, No. 1). Royal College of Art.
  17. Greinke, B., Petri, G., Vierne, P., Biessmann, P., Börner, A., Schleiser, K., Baccelli, E., Krause, C., Verworner, C., & Biessmann, F. (2021). An interactive garment for orchestra conducting: IoT-enabled textile and machine learning to direct musical performance. In Proceedings of the fifteenth international conference on tangible, embedded, and embodied interaction (TEI ’21, Article 46, pp. 1–6). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3430524.3442451
  18. Halász, M., Geršak, J., Bakonyi, P., Oroszlány, G., Koleszár, A., & Nagyné Szabó, O. (2021). Study on the compression effect of clothing on the physiological response of the athlete. Materials, 15(1), 169. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15010169
  19. Harbour, E., Farlock, R., Marko, D., Bahenský, P., & Schwameder, H. (2025). Sports bra tightness affects respiratory muscle fatigue, breathing pattern, and perceptual responses during running. Journal of Sports Sciences, 43(17), 1871–1884. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2025.2526277
  20. Haynes, A. C., & Steimle, J. (2024). Flextiles: Designing customisable shape-change in textiles with SMA-actuated smocking patterns. In Proceedings of the 2024 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems (CHI ’24, Article 517, pp. 1–17). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3613904.3642848
  21. Hemmings, J. (2015). The textile reader. Bloomsbury Academic.
  22. Hofmann, S. (2025). Needs-based clothing design: Exploring breast support clothing focused on wearer expertise in the context of breast cancer (PhD thesis). Royal College of Art. https://researchonline.rca.ac.uk/6567/
  23. Höök, K. (2024). Designing with the body: Somaesthetic interaction design. MIT Press.
  24. Ingold, T. (2012). Toward an ecology of materials. Annual Review of Anthropology, 41, 427–442. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-081309-145920
  25. Issey Miyake, Sato, K., & Chandès, H. (1999). Issey Miyake: Making things [Exhibition catalog]. Fondation Cartier pour l’Art Contemporain.
  26. Jerak-Zuiderent, S. (2018). [Review of the book Matters of care: Speculative ethics in more-than-human worlds, by M. Puig de la Bellacasa]. Science & Technology Studies, 31(1), 55–58. https://doi.org/10.23987/sts.70162
  27. Jiang, M., Nanjappan, V., ten Bhömer, M., & Liang, H.-N. (2021). On the use of movement-based interaction with smart textiles for emotion regulation. Sensors, 21(3), 990. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21030990
  28. Johnson, L., & Bayley, C. (Eds.). (2022). Carolee Schneemann: Body politics. Yale University Press.
  29. Koss, J. (2006). Bauhaus theater of human dolls. In K. James-Chakraborty (Ed.), Bauhaus culture: From Weimar to the Cold War (pp. 90–114). University of Minnesota Press.
  30. Krasner, J. (2020). Embodied craft in Lia Cook’s textiles and The Lady of Shalott. Aisthesis: Pratiche, linguaggi e saperi dell’estetico, 13(1), 7–16. https://doi.org/10.13128/Aisthesis-11146
  31. Kyrgia, T., & Toeters, M. (2014, November). Transforming the dance experience with expressive social wearables. In 5th global conference, performances of all senses: Bodies in creative action and interaction. Inter-Disciplinary.net. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305201229
  32. Liu, Z., Han, X., Zhang, Y., Chen, X., Lai, Y. K., Doubrovski, E. L., Whiting, E., & Wang, C. C. L. (2021). Knitting 4D garments with elasticity controlled for body motion. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 40(4), Article 62. https://doi.org/10.1145/3450626.3459868
  33. Loke, G., Khudiyev, T., Wang, B., Fu, S., Payra, S., Shaoul, Y., Fung, J., Chatziveroglou, I., Chou, P.-W., Chinn, I., Yan, W., Gitelson-Kahn, A., Joannopoulos, J., & Fink, Y. (2021). Digital electronics in fibres enable fabric-based machinelearning inference. Nature Communications, 12(1), Article
  34. 3317. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23628-5
  35. Luo, Y., Li, Y., Sharma, P., Shou, W., Wu, K., Foshey, M., Palacios, T., & Torralba, A. (2021). Learning human–environment interactions using conformal tactile textiles. Nature Electronics, 4(3), 193–201. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-021-00588-0
  36. Magnon, V., Dutheil, F., & Vallet, G. T. (2021). Benefits from one session of deep and slow breathing on vagal tone and anxiety in young and older adults. Scientific Reports, 11(1), Article 19267. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-98736-9
  37. Mancini, F., Bauleo, A., Cole, J., Lui, F., Porro, C. A., Haggard, P., & Iannetti, G. D. (2014). Whole-body mapping of spatial acuity for pain and touch. Annals of Neurology, 75(6), 917–924. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.24179
  38. McQuillan, H. (2020). Zero waste systems thinking: Multimorphic textile-forms (Doctoral dissertation, University of Borås). University of Borås Studies in Artistic Research, 37. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1455970
  39. McQuillan, H., & Karana, E. (2023). Conformal, seamless, sustainable: Multimorphic textile-forms as a material-driven design approach for HCI. In Proceedings of the 2023 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems (CHI ’23, pp. 1–19). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3544548.3581156
  40. Messager, A. (1992). Annette Messager: Telling tales. Cornerhouse Publications/Arnolfini Gallery.
  41. Miller, C. (2025). An exploration of the opportunities and challenges of bringing a ‘soft’ textile design approach into engagement with practitioners from science and engineering disciplines (PhD thesis). Royal College of Art. https://researchonline.rca.ac.uk/id/eprint/6570/
  42. Muñoz, M., & Cordero, Á. (2024). The fold as a design strategy: Analogy between architecture and Issey Miyake’s work. Arts, 13(5), 144. https://doi.org/10.3390/arts13050144
  43. Narayanan, V., Albaugh, L., Hodgins, J., Coros, S., & McCann, J. (2018). Automatic machine knitting of 3D meshes. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 37(3), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1145/3186265
  44. Otto, E., & Rössler, P. (2019). Bauhaus bodies: Gender, sexuality, and body culture in modernism’s legendary art school (1st ed.). Bloomsbury Visual Arts.
  45. Puig de la Bellacasa, M. (2017). Matters of care: speculative ethics in more than human worlds. University Of Minnesota Press.
  46. Roth, B., & Ueda, K. (2023). Generative Nishijin weaving with and for the body. In T. Heinzel, D. Dumitrescu, O. Tomico, & S. Robertson (Eds.), Proceedings of Textile Intersections Conference 2023 (pp. 1–21). Textile Intersections. https://doi.org/10.21606/TI-2023/107
  47. Russo, M. A., Santarelli, D. M., & O’Rourke, D. (2017). The physiological effects of slow breathing in the healthy human. Breathe, 13(4), 298–309. https://doi.org/10.1183/20734735.009817
  48. Salisbury, L. J. (2021). Evaluating degrees of “softness” in therapeutic systems of knitted wearable technology with brain injury survivors. Journal of Textile Design Research and Practice, 9(2), 226–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/20511787.2021.1935111
  49. Sikora, M., Mikołajczyk, R., Łakomy, O., Karpiński, J., Żebrowska, A., Kostorz-Nosal, S., & Jastrzębski, D. (2024). Influence of the breathing pattern on the pulmonary function of endurance-trained athletes. Scientific Reports, 14, 1113. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-51758-5
  50. Smelik, A. (2018a). New materialism: A theoretical framework for fashion in the age of technological innovation. International Journal of Fashion Studies, 5(1), 33–54. https://doi.org/10.1386/infs.5.1.33_1
  51. Smelik, A. M. (2018b). Wearable technology, or: Science fashion. In R. Braidotti & M. Hlavajova (Eds.), The posthuman glossary (pp. 455–458). Bloomsbury Academic.
  52. Sun, R., Onose, R., Dunne, M., Ling, A., Denham, A., & Kao, H.-L. C. (2020). Weaving a second skin: Exploring opportunities for crafting on-skin interfaces through weaving. In Proceedings of the 2020 ACM designing interactive systems conference (DIS ’20, pp. 365–377). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3357236.3395548
  53. Tajerian, M., & Garcia, J. (2021). Garments and footwear for chronic pain. Frontiers in Pain Research, 2, 757240. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpain.2021.757240
  54. Townsend, K., Solomon, R., & Briggs-Goode, A. (Eds.). (2022). Crafting anatomies: Archives, dialogues, fabrications. Bloomsbury Visual Arts.
  55. Tronto, J. C. (1993). Moral boundaries: A political argument for an ethics of care. Routledge.
  56. Tsai, E., Firstenberg, M., Laucks, J., Sterman, Y., Lehnert, B., & Oxman, N. (2013). CNSILK. In S. Brell-Çokcan & J. Braumann (Eds.), Rob | Arch 2012 (pp. 223–232). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1465-0_17
  57. Van der Kolk, B. (2014). The body keeps the score: Brain, mind, and body in the healing of trauma. Penguin Books.
  58. Venckūnas, T., Trinkūnas, E., Kamandulis, S., Poderys, J., Grūnovas, A., & Brazaitis, M. (2014). Effect of lower body compression garments on hemodynamics in response to running session. The Scientific World Journal, 2014(1), Article 353040. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/353040
  59. Weakley, J., Broatch, J., O’Riordan, S., Morrison, M., Maniar, N., & Halson, S. L. (2022). Putting the squeeze on compression garments: Current evidence and recommendations for future research—A systematic scoping review. Sports Medicine, 52(5), 1141–1160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01604-9
  60. Wolff, K., Herholz, P., Ziegler, V., Link, F., Brügel, N., & Sorkine-Hornung, O. (2023). Designing personalized garments with body movement. Computer Graphics Forum, 42(1), 180–194. https://doi.org/10.1111/cgf.14728
  61. Zafeiroudi, A. (2021). Intersections between modern and contemporary dance and yoga practice: A critical analysis of spiritual paths through body movement and choreography. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 10(4), 1. https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2021-0094