Albert Ladenburg (1842-1911) – The Distinguished German Chemist and Historian of Chemistry of the Second Half of the XIX Century (To the 110th Anniversary of His Death)
Published 2021-09-09
Keywords
- A. Ladenburg,
- Organic Chemistry,
- Ladenburg's prism formula for benzene,
- Coniine,
- Germany – XIX century
How to Cite
Copyright (c) 2021 Aleksander Sztejnberg
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Abstract
Albert Ladenburg (1842-1911) was an outstanding German chemist and historian of chemistry of the second half of the 19th century. He ascertained the formula of ozone as O3 and proposed a triangular prism structure for the molecule of benzene. He studied the structure of aromatic hydrocarbons and organic compounds of silicon and tin, and devoted his work to explaining the structure of alkaloids and their synthesis. The purpose of this paper is to familiarize readers with the important events in the life of Ladenburg and his writing and research activities, in particular some of his experimental results, as well as his selected publications.
References
- F. S. Kipping, J. Chem. Soc.,Trans. 1913, 103, p. 1871. https://doi.org/10.1039/CT9130301871
- Quoted in ref. 1 (Kipping), p. 1871.
- The Hanbury Medal. The British Medical Journal, 1899, 2(2024), p. 1030. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/20262133
- A. A. Baker, Jr. Ladenburg, Albert , 2020. Retrived from Encyclopedia.com. website: https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/ladenburg-albert
- L. Ladenburg, Stammtafel der Familie Ladenburg, Druck von J. Ph. Walther, Mannheim, 1882. p. 10. Retrieved from http://dl.ub.uni-freiburg.de/diglit/ladenburg1882
- H.-E. Lessing, Mannheimer Geschichtsblätter, 2008, 15, p. 7. Retrieved from https://verlag-regionalkultur.de/media/pdf/1a/94/e1/bib-35-559.pdf
- See ref. 5 (Ladenburg), pp. 1, 10.
- Wolf Hayum Ladenburg, 2015. Retrieved from http://altneu.han-solo.net/osfia/tng_wordpress/getperson.php?personID=I20472
- See ref. 1 (Kipping), p. 1872.
- Quoted in ref. 1 (Kipping), p. 1873.
- R. Anschütz, August Kekulé. Leben und Werken, Band I., Verlag Chemie, G.M.B.H., Berlin, 1929, p. 272. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/b29931654_0001/page/n3/mode/2up
- Kekule und Mitarbeiter in Gent (Belgien), 1866. Public Domain. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons webiste: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:August_Kekule_Gent_ca1866.jpg
- See ref. 11 (Anschütz), p. 272.
- J. Gillis, De Brug. Tijdschrift Van De Rijksuniversiteit Te Gent, 1958, 2(2), p. 68. (in Dutch). Retrieved from https://lib.ugent.be/fulltxt/RUG01/000/055/720/RUG01-000055720_2010_0006_AC.pdf
- J. Gillis, J. Chem. Educ. 1961, 38(3), p. 120. https://doi.org/10.1021/ed038p118
- W. Göbel, Friedrich August Kekulé, 1 Auflage, BSB B.G. Teubner Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig, 1984, p. 65. https://lib.ugent.be/fulltxt/RUG01/000/055/720/RUG01-000055720_2010_0006_AC.pdf
- J. C. Poggendorff, Biographisch-Literarisches Handwörterbuch zur Geschichte der Exacten Wissenschaften, Dritten Band (1858-1883), Heraugegeben von B. W. Feddersen, A. J. von Oettingen, I. Abtheilung (A-L), Verlag Von Johann Ambrosius Barth, Lepzig, 1898, p. 763. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_jgcjAQAAMAAJ/page/n767/mode/2up
- A. J. Rocke, The Quiet Revolution. Hermann Kolbe and the Science of Organic Chemistry, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1993, Chapter -7, p. 175. Retrieved from http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft5g500723/
- Quoted in ref. 1 (Kipping), p. 1873.
- T. E. Thorpe, J. Chem. Soc. Trans., 1900, 77, p. 170. https://doi.org/10.1039/CT9007700169
- G. P. Schiemenz, The British Journal for the History of Science, 1993, 26(2), p. 200. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/4027097
- A. Ladenburg, Lebenserinnerungen, Trewendt & Granier, Breslau, 1912, p. 38.
- Ladenburg Albert. Königliche Universität zu Breslau. Archiwum Uniwersytetu Wroc?awskiego (Archives of the University of Wroc?aw). S_220-285, 2020. Retrieved from https://bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/dlibra/publication/120497/edition/109831/content
- K. Beneke, Zur Geschichte der Universität Kiel und des Instituts für Anorganische Chemie. Teil I., 2.7. Das Neue Chemische Laboratorium und Chemische Institut ab 1878, n.d. Retrieved from http://www.uni-kiel.de/anorg/lagaly/group/klauskolgesch/d_klaus.htm
- Quoted in U. Deichmann, The expulsion of Jewish chemists and biochemists from academia in Nazi Germany, n.d., p. 19. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240677983
- U. Deichmann, Perspectives on Science, 1999, 7(1), 1-86. https://doi.org/10.1162/posc.1999.7.1.1
- F. Volbehr, R. Weyl, Professoren und Dozenten der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel 1665 – 1954, Mit Angaben über die sonstigen Lehrkräfte und die Universitäts-Bibliothekare und einem Verzeichnis der Rektoren, Vierte Auflage, Ferdinand Hirt, Kiel, 1956, p. 275. Retrieved from https://dibiki.ub.uni-kiel.de/viewer/image/PPN734640005/293/#topDocAnchor
- D. Drüll, Heidelberger Gelehrtenlexikon 1803–1932, 2. Auflage, Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, Wiesbaden, 2019, p. 462.
- See ref. 5 (Ladenburg), p. 35.
- See ref. 1 (Kipping), p. 1877.
- C. Preisner, Ladenburg Albert, Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). Band 13, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1982, p. 390. Retrieved from https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0001/bsb00016330/images/index.html?seite=406
- See ref. 6 (Lessing), p. 7.
- O. Lannelongue, Ladenburg Albert, CTHS. Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques, 2020. Retrieved from http://cths.fr/an/savant.php?id=119522
- A. F. Ioffe, Vstrechi s fizikami. Moi vospominaniya o zarubezhnykh fizikakh ( Meetings with Physicists. My Memories of Foreign Physicists), Izdatel'stvo «Nauka». Leningradskoye otdeleniye, Leningrad, 1983, p. 251 (in Russian). Retrieved from http://publ.lib.ru/ARCHIVES/I/IOFFE_Abram_Fedorovich/_Ioffe_A.F..html#0001
- See ref. 22 (Ladenburg), pp. 6-7.
- M. J. Taltavull, Eur. Phys. J. H. 2020, 45, p. 131, footnote no.13. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjh/e2020-10027-6
- H. Kopfermann, Sci. Nat. 1952, 39(13), 289-290. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00635808
- M. A. Ruffer, G. Calvocoressi, The British Medical Journal, 1905, 2(2343), p. 1398. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/20287499
- W. Herz, Ber. dtsch. chem.Ges. 1912, 45(3), p. 3633. https://doi.org/10.1002/cber.191204503118
- Quoted in ref. 18 (Rocke), p. 350.
- Quoted in ref. 18 (Rocke), Chapter-14, note no. 32.
- See ref. 22 (Ladenburg) for details.
- See ref. 23 (Ladenburg Albert. Königliche Universität zu Breslau), p. 1.
- Quoted in ref. 39 (Herz), p. 3635.
- See ref. 39 (Herz), p. 3635.
- Anon., Chem. News. 1911, 104 (2702), 117-117. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/chemicalnewsjour104londuoft/page/116/mode/2up
- Anon., Am. Chem. J. 1911, 46(5), 528-529. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/americanchemical461911balt/page/528/mode/2up
- See ref. 1 (Kipping), pp. 1871-1895.
- Upsala-Universitets fyrahundraårs jubelfest. September. 1877., Kongl. Boktryckeriet P. A. Norstedt & Soner, Stockholm, 1879, p. 382. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/upsalauniversit01univgoog/page/n402/mode/2up
- th Anniversary of Berlin Academy. 1900. Public Domain. Retrieved from Wikimedia Commons website:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Portrait_photographs_of_Dmitri_Mendeleev#/media/File:200_y_Anniversary_of_Berlin_Academy_1900.jpg
- B. Harrow, Eminent Chemists of Our Time, D. Van Nostrand Company, New York, 1920, p. 8. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/eminentchemistso00harruoft/page/n7/mode/2up?q=
- F. G. Donnan, Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society, 1948, 5(16), 666-687. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/768764
- A. Sztejnberg, Substantia, 2021, 5(1), 135-156. DOI.10.36253/Substantia-1097
- See ref. 51 (Harrow), p. 37.
- See ref. 39 (Herz), pp. 3636-3644.
- A. Ladenburg, Ber. dtsch. chem.Ges.1872, 5(1), 322-323. https://doi.org/10.1002/cber.187200501100
- A. Ladenburg, Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 1870, 3(1), 353-358. https://doi.org/10.1002/cber.187000301121
- A. Ladenburg, Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1871, 159(2), 251-258. https://doi.org/10.1002/jlac.18711590211
- A. Ladenburg, Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. 1871, 4(1), 17-18. https://doi.org/10.1002/cber.18710040109
- A. Ladenburg, Ber. dtsch. chem.Ges.1898, 31(3), 2830-2831. https://doi.org/10.1002/cber.18980310343
- A. Ladenburg, Ber. dtsch. chem.Ges.1899, 32(1), 221-222. https://doi.org/10.1002/cber.18990320133
- A. Ladenburg, Ber. dtsch. chem.Ges. 1900, 33(2), 2282-2284. https://doi.org/10.1002/cber.190003302144
- A. Ladenburg, Ber. dtsch. chem.Ges. 1901, 34(1), 631-635. https://doi.org/10.1002/cber.190103401105
- A. Ladenburg, Ber. dtsch. chem.Ges. 1901, 34(2), 1834-1834. https://doi.org/10.1002/cber.19010340286
- A. Ladenburg, Ber. dtsch. chem.Ges. 1901, 34(3), 3849-3851. https://doi.org/10.1002/cber.190103403100
- A. Ladenburg, R. Quasig, Ber. dtsch. chem.Ges. 1901, 34(1), 1184-1188. https://doi.org/10.1002/cber.190103401200
- A. Ladenburg, Ber. dtsch. chem.Ges. 1902, 35(2), 2275-2285.https://doi.org/10.1002/cber.190203502188
- A. Ladenburg, Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1904, 338(2), 259-262. https://doi.org/10.1002/jlac.19043380205
- A. Ladenburg, J. Chem. Soc., Trans. 1899,75, 465-467. https://doi.org/10.1039/CT8997500465
- A. Ladenburg, Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1865, 135(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1002/jlac.18651350102
- Quoted in ref. 70 (Ladenburg), p. 24.
- A. Ladenburg, Bulletin de la Societé Chimique de Paris, 1866, 5, 257-261. Retrieved from https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k281954m/f261.image
- A. Ladenburg, A. Fitz, Bulletin de la Societé Chimique de Paris, 1866, 5, 414-423. Retrieved from https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k281954m/f418.image
- Ladenburg, Leverkus, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 1866, 63, 89-91. Retrieved from https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23701#page/95/mode/1up
- C. Friedel, A. Ladenburg, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 1866, 63, 1083-1090. Retrieved from https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23701#page/1090/mode/1up
- C. Friedel, A. Ladenburg, Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie, 1867, 142(3), 310-322. http://doi.org/10.1002/jlac.18671420310
- C. Friedel, A. Ladenburg, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 1867, 64, 84-87. Retrieved from https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/112153#page/84/mode/1up
- C. Friedel, A. Ladenburg, Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1867, 143(1), 118-128. http://doi.org/10.1002/jlac.18671430112
- C. Friedel, A. Ladenburg, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 1867, 64, 1295-1299. Retrieved from https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/112153#page/1301/mode/1up
- C. Friedel, A. Ladenburg, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 1867, 64, 359-363. Retrieved from https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/112153#page/358/mode/1up
- C. Friedel, A. Ladenburg, Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1868, 145(2), 174-178. http://doi.org/10.1002/jlac.18681450204
- C. Friedel, A. Ladenburg, J. Prakt. Chem.1869, 106(1), 180-184. http://doi.org/10.1002/prac.18691060129
- C. Friedel, A. Ladenburg, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 1870, 70, 1407-1412. Retrieved from https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23734#page/1413/mode/1up
- A. Ladenburg, Ber. dtsch. chem.Ges. 1879, 11(1), 941-944. https://doi.org/10.1002/cber.187901201241
- A. Ladenburg, M. Scholtz, Ber. dtsch. chem. Ges. 1894, 27(3), 2958-2960. https://doi.org/10.1002/cber.18940270356
- A. Ladenburg, Ber. dtsch. chem.Ges. 1880, 13(1), 254-256. http://doi.org/10.1002/cber.18800130172
- A. Ladenburg, Ber. dtsch. chem.Ges. 1880, 13(2), 1549-1554. https://doi.org/10.1002/cber.18800130273
- A. Ladenburg, Ber. dtsch. chem.Ges. 1886, 19(2), 2578-2583. https://doi.org/10.1002/cber.188601902215
- Quoted in ref. 1 (Kipping), p. 1871.
- A. Kekulé, Ber. dtsch. chem.Ges. 1869, 2(1), p. 362. https://doi.org/10.1002/cber.186900201156
- Aug. Kekulé, Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1872, 162(1), p. 88. http://doi.org/10.1002/jlac.18721620110
- A. Landenburg, Ber. dtsch. chem.Ges.1869, 2(1), p. 141. https://doi.org/10.1002/cber.18690020171
- A. Ladenburg, Ber. dtsch. chem.Ges.1869, 2(1), p. 273. https://doi.org/10.1002/cber.186900201112
- J. Daintith, A Dictionary of Chemistry, Sixth Edition, Oxfor University Press, Oxford, 2008, p. 312.
- A. Ladenburg, Theorie der aromatischen Verbindungen, Druck Und Verlag Von Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, Braunschweig, 1876. Retrieved from https://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb11332404_00005.html
- Quoted in ref. 46 (Anon.), p. 528.
- T. J. Katz, V. Acton, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1973, 95(8), p. 2738. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00789a084
- Gazzetta Chimica Italiana, v. II. Ufficio Tipografico Di Michele Amenta, Palermo, 1872, p. XV. Retrieved from https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89098124977&view=plaintext&seq=21
- Ed. Willm, M. Hanriot, Traité de Chimie Minérale Et Organique. Comprenant La Chimie Pur Et Ses Applications, Tome IV. Chimique Organique, G. Masson, Éditeur, Paris, 1889. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/b28121715_0004/page/12/mode/2up
- H. E. Roscoe, C. Schorlemmer, A Treatise on Chemistry, Volume III. The Chemistry of the Hydrocarbons and Their Derivatives or Organic Chemistry, Part III., D. Appleton and Company, New York, 1890. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/treatiseonchemis33roscrich
- H. E. Roscoe, C. Schorlemmer, A Treatise on Chemistry, Volume III. The Chemistry of the Hydrocarbons and Their Derivatives or Organic Chemistry, Part IV., D. Appleton and Company, New York, 1888. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/treatiseonchemis34roscrich
- H. E. Roscoe, C. Schorlemmer, A Treatise on Chemistry, Volume III. The Chemistry of the Hydrocarbons and Their Derivatives or Organic Chemistry, Part V., D. Appleton and Company, New York, 1889. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/treatiseonchemis35roscrich
- J. W. Brühl, E. Hjelt, O. Aschan, Die Pflanzen-Alkaloide, Druck Und Verlag Von Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, Braunschweig, 1900. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/diepflanzenalkal00bruoft/page/n5/mode/2up
- A. Pictet, The Vegetable Alkaloids. With Particular Reference to Their Chemical Constitution, (H. C. Biddle, Trans.), First Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, Chapman & Hall, Limited, London, 1904. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/b28082199/page/n5/mode/2up
- H. Meyer, Analyse und Konstitutionsermittlung Organischer Verbindungen, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 1916, pp. 302, 308.
- H. Meyer, Lehrbuch der Organisch-Chemischen Methodik, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 1922, pp. 365, 374
- R. Müller, J. Chem. Educ. 1965, 42(1), pp. 42-44. https://doi.org/10.1021/ed042p41
- D. Seyferth, Organometallics, 2001, 20(24), pp. 4979-4981. https://doi.org/10.1021/om0109051
- A. Ladenburg, Vorträge über die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Chemie in den letztem hundert Jahren, Druck und Verlag von Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, Braunschweig, 1869. Retrieved from http://dfg-viewer.de/show?tx_dlf%5Bdouble%5D=0&tx_dlf%5Bid%5D=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.ub.uni-duesseldorf.de%2Foai%2F%3Fverb%3DGetRecord%26metadataPrefix%3Dmets%26identifier%3D5276578&tx_dlf%5Bpage%5D=7&cHash=8902af09f006d3eebdbb5d2233f65ae8
- H. Kolbe, J. Prakt. Chem. 1870, 2(1), 173-183. http://doi.org/10.1002/prac.18700020114
- See ref. 18 (Rocke), Chapter-14, note no. 85.
- Quoted in ref. 110 (Kolbe), p. 175.
- A. Ladenburg, Vorträge über die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Chemie von Lavoisier bis zur Gegenwart, Vierte Vermehrte und Verbesserte Auflage, Druck und Verlag von Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, Braunschweig, 1907. Retrieved from http://dfg-viewer.de/show?tx_dlf%5Bdouble%5D=0&tx_dlf%5Bid%5D=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.ub.uni-duesseldorf.de%2Foai%2F%3Fverb%3DGetRecord%26metadataPrefix%3Dmets%26identifier%3D1334757&tx_dlf%5Bpage%5D=5&cHash=396808bcfcd6df5fd268c0290cb2cf1c
- A. Ladenburg, Lectures on the History of the Development of Chemistry since the Time of Lavoisier, Translated from the Second German Edition, (L. Dobbin, Trans.), Published by Alembic Club, Edinburgh, 1900. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/lecturesonhistor00lade
- A. Ladenburg, Lectures on the History of the Development of Chemistry since the Time of Lavoisier, Translated from the Second German Edition, Revised Edition, (L. Dobbin, Trans.), The Alembic Club, Edinburgh, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1911. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/lecturesonhistor00ladeuoft
- Quoted in ref. 114 (Ladenburg), p. IX.
- A. Ladenburg, Histoire Du Développement De La Chimie Depuis Lavoisier Jusqu'à Nos Jours, Traduit sur la 4e édition allemande, (A. Corvisy, Trans.), Libraire Scientifique A. Hermann & Fils, Paris, 1909. Retrieved from https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k91843j/f3.image.texteImage
- A. Ladenburg, Histoire Du Développement De La Chimie Depuis Lavoisier Jusqu'à Nos Jours, Traduit sur la 4e édition allemande, (A. Corvisy, Trans.), Seconde édition française augmentée d'un Supplément Par A. Colson, Libraire Scientifique A. Hermann & Fils, Paris, 1911. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/histoiredudvel00ladeuoft
- A. Ladenburg, Lektsii po Istorii Razvitiya Khimii ot Lavuaz'ye do nashego vremeni, Perevod s 4-go izdaniya, Ye. S. Yel'chaninova, s prisoyedineniyem ocherka istorii khimii v Rossii akad. P. I. Val'dena, Mathesis, Odessa, 1917, (in Russian). Retrieved from http://193.233.14.50/reader/flipping/Resource-157/ladenburg-a-lekcii-po-teorii-razvitiya-himii-ot-lavuaz-e-do-nashego-vremeni/index.html
- A. Ladenburg, Handwo?rterbuch der Chemie Herausgegeben von Professor Dr. Ladenburg Unter Mitwirkung von Berend, Biedermann, Drechsel, Emmerling, Engler, Gnehm, Heumann, Jacobsen, Pringsheim, v. Richter, Rügheimer, Salkowski, Tollens, Weddige, Wiedemann, Erster Band, Verlag Von Eduard Trewendt, Breslau, 1882. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_NLIEAAAAYAAJ
- A. Ladenburg, Handwo?rterbuch der Chemie, Dreizehn Band, Verlag von Eduard Trewendt, Breslau, 1895.
- A. Ladenburg, Handwo?rterbuch der Chemie Herausgegeben Unter Mitwirkung von Abel, Ahrends, Alexander, Anschütz, Balbiano, Baurath, (...), Wollny, Generalregister, Verlag Von Eduard Trewendt, Breslau, 1896. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/handwrterbuchde01ladegoog/page/n6/mode/2up
- A. Kekulé, Über die Konstitution und die Metamorphosen der chemischen Verbindungen und über die chemische Natur des Kohlenstoffs. Untersuchungen über aromatische Verbindungen, Herausgegeben von A. Ladenburg, Ostwalds Klassiker der Exakten Wissenschaften, Bd. 145, Verlag von Wilhelm Engelman, Leipzig, 1904. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_uJ4EAAAAYAAJ_2/page/n17/mode/2up
- L. Pasteur, Ueber die Asymmetrie bei natürlich vorkommenden organischen Verbindingen, 2 Vorträge gehalten am 20. Januar und 3. Februar in der Société chimique zu Paris, übersetzt und herausgegeben [translated and edited by] von M. und. A. Ladenburg, Ostwalds Klassiker der Exakten Wissenschaften, Bd.28, Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 1891. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TqwFAAAAIAAJ/page/n1/mode/2up?q
- K. A. Wurtz, Abhandlung über die Glycole oder zweiatomige Alkohole und über das Aethylenoxyd als Bindeglied zwischen organischer und Mineralchemie, Aus dem französischen Übersetzung mit Anmerkungen versehen von M. u. A. Ladenburg, Ostwalds Klassiker der Exakten Wissenschaften, Bd. 170, Verlag W. Engelmann, Leipzig 1909.
- M. Berthelot, L. Péan de Saint-Gilles, Untersuchungen u?ber die Affinita?ten. U?ber Bildung und Zersetzung der Äther, übersetzt und heraus?gegeben von M. und A. Ladenburg, Ostwalds Klassiker der Exakten Wissenschaften, Bd. 173, Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 1910.
- Leopoldina. Nationale Akademie der Wissenschaften. List of Members. 2020. Retrieved from https://www.leopoldina.org/en/members/list-of-members/list-of-members/member/Member/show/albert-ladenburg/
- Report of the Seventieth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement Science. John Murray, London, 1900, p. 106. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/reportofbritisha00scie/page/106/mode/2up
- Liste des membres depuis la création de l'Académie des sciences. Les membres du passé dont le nom commence par L., n.d. Retrieved from https://www.academie-sciences.fr/fr/Liste-des-membres-depuis-la-creation-de-l-Academie-des-sciences/les-membres-du-passe-dont-le-nom-commence-par-l.html
- Mitglieder der Berliner Akademien – alphabetisch. 2020. Retrieved from https://www.bbaw.de/die-akademie/akademie-historische-aspekte/mitglieder-historisch/mitglieder-der-berliner-akademien-alphabetisch?tx_bbaw_historicmemberlist%5Bcontroller%5D=HistoricMember&tx_bbaw_historicmemberlist%5BoverwriteDemand%5D%5Bcharacter%5D=L&cHash=a1367dfc03e116dbed063c8ef15be95f
- See ref. 39 (Herz), p. 3635.
- Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary & Philosophical Society (Manchester Memoirs). Volume XLIX, Manchester, 1905, p. lxiv. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/memoirsprocee49190405manc/page/n303/mode/2up
- List of the Officers and Fellows of the Chemical Society. 1909. Burlington House, London, p. 9. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/b24857853/page/8/mode/2up
- Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques, n.d. Retrived from https://cths.fr/an/societe.php?id=345&proso=y#L
- Standard Measuring Instruments, Science, New Series, 1899, 10(243), p. 259. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/1626170
- See ref. 3 (The Hanbury Medal). p. 1030.
- The Royal Society Medals. The British Medical Journal, 1905, 2(2341), p. 1310. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/20287360
- W. Huggins, Sir, Proceedings of the Royal Society. A Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 1906, 77(515), p. 119. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1906.0007
- E. F. Lange, R. F. Buyers, The Scientific Monthly, 1955, 81(2), p. 87. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/21857
- Nomination Archive. Nomination for Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2020. Retrieved from https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show.php?id=508
- The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1907. Eduard Buchner, 2020. Retrieved from https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1907/summary/
- Eduard Buchner. Biographical, 2020. Retrieved from https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1907/buchner/biographical/
- See ref. 11 (Anschütz), p. 507.
- See ref. 39 (Herz), p. 3597.
- See ref. 1 (Kipping), p. 1872.
- C.A. Russell, Br. J..Hist. Sci. 1988, 21(3), p. 276. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/4026830
- Ladenburg, Albert, n.d. Retrieved from Digiporta Digitales Porträrchiv website: http://www.digiporta.net/index.php?id=991281888
- Ladenburg, Albert, n.d. Retrieved from Digiporta Digitales Porträrchiv website: http://www.digiporta.net/index.php?id=268632181
- Ladenburg, Albert, Österreichische Nationalbibliotek, n.d. Retrieved from https://digital.onb.ac.at/rep/osd/?1104B2E1
- H. M. Smith, Torchbearers of Chemistry. Portraits and Bibliography of Scientists Who Have Contributed to the Making of Modern Chemistry, Academic Press Inc., Publishers, New York, 1949, p. 142.
- A. Ladenburg, E. Buchner in Festschrift zur Feier des hundertjährigen Bestehens der Universität Breslau, Zweiter Teil, Geschichte der Fächer, Institute und Ämter der Universität Breslau 1811 – 1911, (Ed.: G. Kaufmann), Ferdinand Hirt, Königliche Universitäts- und Verlagsbuchhandlung, Breslau, 1911, pp. 451-457. Retrieved from https://www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/dlibra/publication/104025/edition/96447/content
- A. Ladenburg, Ber. dtsch. chem.Ges. 1880, 13(1), p. 1086. https://doi.org/10.1002/cber.188001301300
- Quoted in ref. 3 (The Hanbury Medal), p. 1030.
- Quoted in ref. 39 (Herz), p. 3636.
- Anon., Nature, 1911, 87, p. 282. https://doi.org/10.1038/087282a0
- See ref. 39 (Herz), p. 3598.
- B. Litzmann, Clara Schumann, Johannes Brahms, Band 2: Briefe aus den Jahren 1872-1896, Erste Auflage, Dearbooks, Bremen, 2013, p. 587.
- Ladenburg flask. Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, n.d. Retrieved from Merriam-Webster website: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Ladenburg%20flask
- flask, distillation, ladenburg's, n.d. Retrieved from National Museum of American History website: https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_897